isTACK 
A  SN  i£  X 


SPANISH  IN  A  WEEK 


BY 

TEODORO  S.  ROMERO,  B.S. 

PROFESSOR  OF  SPANISH  IN  STEVENS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY. 

AUTHOR  OF  "  SPANISH — COMMERCIAL  AND  PROFESSIONAL;" 

INSTRUCTOR    IN   SPANISH,  UNION    BRANCH  YOUNG   MEN'S   CHRISTIAN 
ASSOCIATION,  NEW  YORK  ; 

DIRECTOR  OF  "THE  T.  S.  ROMERO  SPANISH   SCHOOL,"  NEW  YORK 


FOURTH  EDITION,  REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 
FIFTEENTH  THOUSAND 


PHILADELPHIA 

DAVID  MCKAY,  PUBLISHER 

604-8  SOUTH  WASHINGTON  SQUARE 


COPYRIGHT,  1912,  1913,  1916 

BY 

T.  S.  ROMERO 


CONTENTS 


Page 

FOREWORD 3 

TO  STUDENTS 4 

MONDAY 5 

Pronunciation 5 

Spanish  Alphabet 5 

The  article  and  where  placed 5 

The  noun  6 

The  gender  of  substantives 6 

When  masculine 6 

Examples 6 

When  feminine 7 

How  masculine  nouns  are  converted 

into  the  feminine  form 8 

Neuter  (and  how  formed) 8 

Orthography 8 

The  adjective  and  where  placed 9 

Number 10 

How  to  form  a  plural 10 

The  pronouns 11 

Possessive  pronouns 11 

Where  the  possessive  pronouns  are 

employed 12 

Personal  pronouns., 12 

TUESDAY 13 

SALUTATIONS 13 

PARTING  SALUTATIONS 13 

CARDINAL  NUMBERS 18-14 

Verbs 14 

Regular  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation...  14 
How  to  form  the  present,  past,  and 
future  tenses 14 


Page 

To  love  model  of  the  1st  conjuga- 
tion   15-16 

PRACTICAL  PART 16 

To  speak,  present 16-17 

How  to  form  a  question 17 

To  wish 17 

Past  definite  (to  wish) 18 

The  adverbs,  where,  when  and  how 

(and  where  placed) 18 

To  buy 18 

Interrogative  form 18 

Future  (to  buy) 18 

List  of  the  most  important  verbs  of  the 

first  conjugation 19-20 

Accent 20 

Punctuation 20 

The  preposition 21 

Examples 21-22 

WEDNESDAY 23 

DIVISION  OP  TIME 23 

MONTHS 23 

SEASONS 23 

THE  "WEATHER 24 

Regular  verbs,  second  conjugation 24 

How  to  form  the  present,  past,  and 
future  tenses  of  the  2nd  conjugation..  24 

To  learn  as  model 25-26 

PRACTICAL  PART 26 

Present  (to  eat) 26 

Conversational  form  (to  eat) 27 

Future  (to  drink) 27 

Interrogative  form  (to  drink  * 28 


2064S9O 


CONTENTS  (Continued) 


Page 

Past  (to  sell; 28 

Conversational  form  (to  sell) 29 

List  of  the  most  important  verbs  of  the 

second  conjugation 29-30 

The  adverb 31-32 

Adverbs  of  time 31 

"  place 31 

"       "  manner 31 

'•       "  quantity 31 

"       "  comparison 32 

'•       "  affirmation 32 

"       "  negation 32 

"  doubt 32 

THURSDAY 33 

COLORS 33 

SPANISH  MONEY 33 

Regular  verbs,  third  conjugation 34 

How  to  form  the  present,  past,  and 

future  tenses  of  the  3rd  conjugation..  34 

To  leave  as  a  model 34-35 

PRACTICAL  PABT 36 

Present  (to  open) 36 

Conversational  form  (to  open) 36 

Past  (to  write) 37 

Interrogative  form  (to  write) 37 

Future  (to  receive) 38 

Conversational  form  (to  receive) 38 

List  of  the  most  important  verbs  of  the 

third  conjugation 39-40 

Imperfect  form  of  verbs 40 

COLLECTIVE  NOUNS 41 

FRACTIONS 41 

THE  CLOTHING  andADORN- 

MENTS  OF  "WOMEN 41-42 

MEN'S  CLOTHINQ 42 

FRIDAY „ 43 

MEANS  OF  LOCOMOTION....  43 
TRANSPORTATION ...  43 


Page 

ORDINAL  NUMBERS 44 

Auxiliary  verbs 44 

To  be  (and  equivalents  in  Spanish) 44 

Examples 44 

Present,  past  and  future  tenses  (to  be) 

(inherent) 45-46 

PRACTICAL  PART 46 

Present  (to  be)  (inherent).- 46 

Interrogative  form  (to  be)  (inherent)...  47 

Passive  voice,  how  it  is  formed 47 

Examples  (passive  voice) „ 47 

To  be  (state,  condition,  location) 48 

Present,  past  and  future  tenses  To  be 

(state,  condition,  location) 48-49 

PRACTICAL  PART 49 

Present  (to  be)  (location) 49 

Past,  conversational  form  (to  be) 49 

To  be,  compound  tenses  with  the  aid 
of  the  present  participle  how  it  is 

formed.- 50 

Examples. 50 

Augmentatives  and  diminutives- 51 

Examples 51-52 

PARTS   OF    THE   HUMAN 

BODY 62 

THE  SENSES 52 

SATURDAY 53 

MEANS     OF     COMMUNICA- 
TION  53 

LODGINGS 53 

Auxiliary  verbs 54 

To  have  (and  equivalent  in  Spanish)-  54 

Examples 54 

Past  participle  (and  how  it  is  formed)...  54 

Present  (to  have,  as  auxiliary) 55 

PRACTICAL  PART 55 

Present  (to  have,  with  the  past  parti- 
ciple)  55 

Interrogative  form  (to  have,  with  the 
past  participle) 56 


II 


CONTENTS  (Continued) 


Page 

To  have  (idiomatic  use  with  de) 56 

Examples 56 

To  have  (as  a  possessive) 57 

Present,  past  and  future   tenses  (to 

have)  (possessive) 57-58 

PRACTICAL  PART 58 

Present  (to  have)  (possessive) 58 

Conversational  part 59 

Past  (to  have)  (possessive) 59 

To  have  (idiomatic  use  with  que) 59 

Examples 59 

To   have  instead  of   to    be    (idio- 
matic)  59-60 

Conditional  forms  of  verbs 60 

THE  "WATCH,  THE  CLOCK...  60 

•WHAT  TIME  IS  IT 60 

Comparatives  and  superlatives 61 

Examples _ 61-62 

SUNDAY 63 

MAIL  CORRESPONDENCE...  63 
FORMS  FOR  BEGINNING  A 
LETTER 63 

FORMS     FOR     CLOSING     A 

LETTER 63 

Irregular  verbs 64-69 

Present,  past,  future          (to  make)...  65 

"         "        "         (there)  to  be—  65 

(to  go)...  65 

"          "        "  (to  come)...  65-66 

(to  give)...  66 

"          "        "  (to  know)...  66 

(to  be  able)...  66-67 

'  (to  hear)...  67 

"        "  (to  think)...  67 

"        "  (to  walk)...  67-68 

"          "        "  (to  play)...  68 

"          "        "  (to  feel)...  68 

14         "       "  (to  laugh)...  69 


Page 
Reflexive  verbs  (how  formed  with  the 

reflexive  pronouns) 69 

To  dress  oneself,  model  of  reflexive 

verbs 69-70 

Imperative  mood 70 

POLITE  PHRASES 70 

INTRODUCTIONS  (to  a  person)..  70 

Subjunctive  mood 71 

Present  of  subjunctive 71 

Examples 71 

The  imperfects  of  subjunctive 72 

Examples 72 

READING  EXERCISES... 71 

HISTORY  OF  SPAIN 73-74-75 

GEOGRAPHICAL  CYCLOPE- 
DIA OF  SPANISH  SPEAK- 
ING-COUNTRIES   75 

Argentina  ~ 75-76 

Bolivia 77 

Colombia 77 

Costa  Rica 78 

Cuba 79 

Chile 79-SO 

Ecuador 80-81 

Salvador 81 

The  Philippine  Islands 81-82 

Spain -..82-83-84 

Guatemala.- 84 

Honduras 85 

Mexico „ 85-86 

Nicaragua 86-87 

Panama 87 

Panama  Canal 87-88 

Paraguay 89 

Peru „ 89-90 

Porto  Rico 90-91 

Dominican  Republic - 91 

Uruguay 92 

Venezuela. 92-93 

Opportunities  forthe  Spanish  Language  93 


FOREWORD 


The  political  and  industrial  changes  which  have  follow- 
ed in  quick  succession  the  advent  of  the  twentieth  century 
have  affected  few  countries  more  than  those  in  which 
Spanish  is  the  language  par  excellence. 

In  these  countries  changes  in  administration  and  govern- 
mental policies  brought  about  by  various  influences  have 
aroused  international  interest  and  have  been  the  forerunners 
of  a  new  era  of  prosperity.  They  have  blazed  the  way  for 
rapid  strides  in  industrial  and  commercial  progress  which 
must  necessarily  follow  the  opening  of  that  gigantic  engi- 
neering project,  the  Panama  Canal. 

Commerce  will  now  rediscover  Latin  America ,  the  West 
Indies,  Mexico,  and  the  Philippine  Islands. 

That  is  not  all.  In  the  rush  for  transatlantic  steamship 
records  and  consequently  for  shorter  routes  to  Europe ,  some 
company,  seeking  an  exclusive  European  trade,  will  awake 
to  the  fact  that  two  hundred  miles — more  than  twelve  hours 
of  ocean  travel — might  be  saved  by  establishing  a  terminus 
at  Vigo,  Spain. 

Great  political  and  industrial  changes  must  be  followed 
by  alterations  of  corresponding  moment  in  other  phases  of 
life.  American  and  European  civilization  is  about  to  be 
reborn  in  sister  lands.  Hence  the  importance  of  the  medium, 
through  which  these  influences  must  be  exerted,  can  not  be 
overestimated. 

Young  business  men  on  every  hand  are  turning  to  the 
study  of  Spanish  because  they  have  caught  the  vision.  And 
the  day  is  not  distant  when  travellers,  teachers,  authors, 
missionaries,  engineers,  and  statesmen,  as  well  as  culture 
seekers,  will  enrich  their  imagination  and  increase  their  effi- 
ciency by  an  acquaintance  with  the  language  of  Cervantes. 


TO  STUDENTS 

This  little  volume  contains  the  elements  of  "practical 
Spanish"  but  does  not  aspire  to  be  a  complete  grammar  of  the 
Spanish  Language.  Hence  it  will  be  found  that  in  the  follow- 
ing pages  no  mention  is  made  of  some  of  the  questions  which 
are  discussed  in  large  works,  and  that  other  questions  touched 
upon  are  not  probed  to  the  bottom,  as  it  is  intended  to  meet 
only  the  requirements  of  the  students  of  to-day.  "When  we  re- 
flect that  out  of  every  hundred  students  who  take  up  the  study 
of  the  Spanish  Language  not  more  than  one  will  have  time  to 
read  a  big  book,  it  seems  unjust  to  the  remaining  ninety-nine  to 
thrust  upon  them  the  exhaustive  study  of  books  which  furnish 
such  superabundant  information  that  the  readers  can  not  see 
the  birds  for  the  feathers. 

The  matter  contained  in  these  pages  consists  of  practical 
rules  which  can  be  easily  understood  and  will  guide  the  student 
step  by  step  from  the  very  beginning.  There  is  reason  to 
hope  that  students  who  take  up  this  fascinating  study  will 
derive  great  benefit  from  the  habit  of  thinking  for  them- 
selves and  from  comparing  their  work  with  the  model  sentences. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  arrange  the  matter  in  the 
form  of  "Lessons"  as  each  day  of  the  week  into  which  the  book 
is  divided  usually  completes  the  treatment  of  some  important 
and  distinct  branch  of  the  subject. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  gratefully  the  assistance  of  several 
friends  who  have  made  suggestions  which  have  improved  in 
many  respects  the  original  "Spanish  in  a  Week."  I  am  thank- 
ful also  for  the  kind  attention  and  patronage  which  schools, 
students,  and  commercial  houses  have  given  to  my  book. 

In  order  to  provide  practice  in  reading  and  translating 
and  also  to  answer  the  many  questions  about  Spanish  speaking 
countries,  I  have  introduced  a  description  of  each  of  the 
countries  which  use  the  sonorous  and  rich  language  of 
Castile. 

Teodoro  S.  Eomero. 


LUNES=Monday 

Uoo-nes) 

The  Spanish  language  is  pronounced  as  it  is  written. 


ALFABETO  ESPANOL=Spanish  Alphabet 

(alTati-beh-toe)        (ea-j>an-yol«) 


A. 

tab) 

B. 

(bay) 

c. 

(thay) 

Oh. 

(thay   ah-tchay) 

D. 

(day) 

E. 

(ay) 

F. 

(ef  fay) 


& 

H. 

Ub-tchaj) 

L 

(«•> 

J. 

(ho-ta) 

E. 

Utah) 

L. 

(ay-lay) 

u 

(ayl-lyaj) 


M. 

(ay-miy) 

N. 

(ay-nay) 

N. 

(ay-ay ay) 

o. 

(ob) 

P. 

(par) 

Q. 

(koo) 

R. 

(er-ray) 


s. 

(M-M7) 

T. 

(tar) 

u. 

(oo) 

V. 

<w) 

X. 

(W-kiss) 

Y. 

(•  griega) 

z. 

(thay-dah) 


EL  ARTICULO: 

(ayl)       (ar-tee-coo-lo) 


=The  article 


The  different  forms  of  the  article  are 

Singular  Plural 

el  (masculine)")  los  (masculine)  1 

(wl)  Hthe00"  l=the 

la  (feminine)    i  las  (feminine) 

(lah)  J  (laha)  -1 


(neuter)  =the 


The  article  is  placed  before  the  noun  as: 

el  leon=The  lion 

(ayl)  (lay-on) 


el  hombre=The  man 

(ayD(om-bray) 

el  nino=The  boy 

(ayD(nl'-nyo) 

la  mujer=The  woman 

(lah)   (moo-her) 

la  nina^The  girl 

(lab)  (niQ-nj-ah) 


el  pajaro=The  bird 

(ayl.Mpah-har-o) 

la  paloma=The  pigeon 

(lah)  (pah-lo-mah) 

la  ballena=The  whale 

(lab)  (bal-lyen-ah) 


los  libros=the  books  los  elef antes=  the  elephants 

Uos)    (lee-bros)  (los)  (ay-lay-fan-tays) 

los  lapiceros=the  pencils  los  eaballos=the  horses 

(los)    (lah-pith-er-os)  (los)  (cah-bal-lyos) 

las  plumas=the  feathers,  pens    las  abejas=the  bees 

(labs)    (ploo-mahs)  (labs)  (ah-bay-has) 

las  mesas=the  tables  las  golondrinas=the  swallows 

(lahs)  Ides-sabs)  (labs)  (go-lon-dree-nabj) 

EL  NOMBRE=the  noun 

(aylj        (noin-bray) 

Nouns,  as  in  English,  serve  to  designate  persons,  ani- 
mals or  things. 

Pedro=Peter  Ebro=Ebro  (river) 

(pay-droe)  (ay-bro) 

Santiago = James  Tamesis=Thames 

(8an-tee-ah-go)  (tab'-may-sees) 

Maria=Mary  arbol=tree 

(mar-ee-ah)  (ar'-bol) 

Marta=Martha  piedra=stone 

(mar-tha)  (pe-ay'-drab) 

Espana=Spain  hoja=leaf 

(es-pan'-yah)  (o-bah) 

America=America  perla=pearl 

(ab-mer-ee-CAb)  (per' -lab) 

EL  GENERO  DE  LOS  SUBSTANTIVOS=The  gender  of 

(ayl)         (hay-ner-o)        (de)         (loa)  (soobs-tan-tee-T08) 

substantives 

The  Spanish  language  has  three  genders;  masculine, 
feminine,  and  neuter.  The  gender  of  substantives  is  indi- 
cated by  their  meaning  or  termination. 

The  names  of  males  and  their  occupations,  rivers,  seas, 
winds,  and  nouns  ending  in  the  vowels  e.  i.  o.  u.  or  in  the 
consonants  j.  1.  r.  s.  t.  and  z.  are  masculine. 

EJEMPLOS=Examples 

(Whem-plos) 

el  hombre=the  man  el  ingeniero=the  engineer 

(ayl)  (om-bray)  (ayl)  (In-ben-e-er-o) 

el  muchacho=the  boy  el  abogado=the  lawyer 

(ayl)  (moo-tcbab-tcbo)  (ayl)  (ah-bo-gah-doc) 

el  medico=the  physician  el  herrero=the  black-smith 

(ayl)  (may-dee-co)  (ayl)  (er-rer-o) 

6 


el  carpintero=the  carpenter 

(ayl)  (car-pin-ter-o) 

el  iabrador=the  farmer 

(ayl)  (lah-brah-dore) 

el  perro=the  dog 

(ayl)  (ptr-ro) 

el  gato=the  cat 

(ayl)  (gab-toe) 

el  pez=the  fish 

(ayD(peth) 

el  bufalo=the  buffalo 

(ayl)(boo'-fal-o«) 

el  faisan=the  pheasant 

(ayl)<fah-ee-ian) 

el  castillo=the  castle 

(ayD(cas-teel-lyo) 

el  canon=the  cannon 

(ayl)  (can-yon') 

el  mundo=the  world 

(ayl)  (moon-doe) 

el  continente=the  continent 

(ayl)  (con-tee-nen-tay)  i 

el  Misisipi=the  Mississippi 

(ayl)  (mee-iee-iee-pe*) 

el  Tajo=the  Tagus 

(ayl)  •  tah-ho) 


el  Rin=the  Rhine 

(aylHrin) 

el  Amazonas=the  Amazon 

(ayl)  (ali-mah-tho-nas) 

(river) 
el  Nilo=the  Nile 

(ayl)  (nee-loe) 

el  Atlantico=the  Atlantic 

(ayl)  (ah-tlan-tee-co) 

el  Pacifico=the  Pacific 

(ayl)  (path-ee-feeco) 

el  Mediterraneo=the  Medi- 

(ayl)  (may-dee-ter-rah-nayo) 

terranean 
el  mar  Caribe=the  Carribean 

(ayl)  (mar)  (car-e«-bay) 

sea 
el  norte=the  north 

(ayl)  (nor- lay) 

el  sur=the  south 

(ayl) (aoor) 

el  este=the  east 

(ayl) (es-tay) 

el  oeste=the  west 

(ayl) (o-estay ) 


The  names  of  females  and  their  occupations,  countries, 
islands,  the  names  of  arts  and  sciences  and  words  ending  in 
the  vowel  a  are  feminine.  There  are,  however,  some  excep- 
tions to  this  general  rule. 


la  nina=the  girl 

Uah) (nin-nyah) 

la  reina=the  queen 

(lah)(ray-ee-nab) 

Inglaterra=England 

(in-glah-ter-rah) 

Alemania = Germany 

(ah-leh-man-ee-ah) 

Rusia= Russia 

(roos-»e-ah) 

Francia=  Franca 

(fran-the-ah) 

Colombia=Colombia 

(co-lom-bee-ah) 


Argentina=Argentine 

(ar-hen-tee-nab) 

las  islas  Canarias=the  Cana- 

(lahs)(is-laha)    (ean-ar-ee-ai) 

ry  islands 
las  islas  Filipinas=the  Philip- 

(lahs)(is-lahs)   (fee-lee-pee-naa) 

pine  islands 
la  isla  de  Cuba=the  island  of 

(lab)  (is-lah)  (day)  (coo-ban) 

Cuba 
la  isla  Manhattan=Manhat- 

(lah)  (is-lah)  (man-hat-tan) 

tan  island 


la  pintura=painting  la  medicina=medicine 

(lali)  (pin-toor-ah)  flab)  (may-dith-ee-nah) 

la  escultura=sculpture  la  geometria=geometry 

(lah)  (es-cool-toor-ah)  (lah)  (hay-o-inay-tree-ah) 

la  nmsica=nrasic  la  mesa=the  table 

(lah)(moo-se-cah)  (lah)  (mes-sah) 

la  poesia=poetry  la  silla=the  chair 

Cah)  (po-es-see-ah)  (lah)  (seel-lyah) 

la  arquitectura=architecture    la  ventana=the  window 

(lah)  (ar-ke-tec-toor-ah)  (lah)  (ven-tah-nah) 

tecture  la  puerta=the  door 

la  fisica=physics  «aio  (poo-er-uu) 

dahxree-aee-cib)    '  la  chimenea=the  chimney 

la  quimica=chemistry  cum  (chee-men-ay-ah> 

(lah)  (kee-mee-cah) 

Masculine  nouns  ending  in  o  are  converted  into  the 
feminine  form  by  changing  the  final  letter  into  a  as : 

esposo=husband  esposa=wife 

(es-pos-soe)  (es-pos-sah) 

hermano=brother  hermana=sister 

(er-inan-oh)  (er-man-ah) 

hijo=son  hija==daughter 

(ee-hoh)  (ee'-hah) 

primo=cousin  prima=female  cousin1 

(pree-mo)  (pree-mah) 

tio=uncle  tia=aunt 

(tee-o)  (tee-ah) 

The  neuter  gender  is  used  only  to  describe  abstract 
qualities.  It  is  formed  by  adding  the  neuter  article  "lo" 
to  an  adjective  as: 

lo  bueno=the  good  lo  imposible=the  impossible 

(lo)  (boo-en-o)  (lo)  (im-pos-see-blay) 

lo  malo=the  bad  lo  pequeno=the  small 

(lo)  (mah-lo)  (lo)  (pay-ken-nyo) 

lo  grande=the  great  lo  sublime=the  sublime 

(lo)  (graii- Jay)  (lo)  (soo-blee-may) 

ORTOGRAFIA=Orthography 

(or-toh-grah-fee-ah) 

Spanish  orthography  is  absolutely  phonetic.  Every 
letter  is  sounded  except  h.  The  vowels  have  but  one  sound 
which  is  much  more  prolonged  and  sonorous  than  in  English. 
The  consonants  are  softer  than  in  English. 

8 


EL  ADJETIVO=the  Adjective 

(ayl)     (ad-heh-tee-vo) 

Words  used  to  limit  or  modify  the  meaning  of  nouns 
are  called  adjectives.  They  are  generally  placed  after  the 
nouns  and  agree  with  them  in  gender  and  number  as : 

el  nino  listo=the  clever  boy 

(ayl)  (nin-nyo)  (lees-toe) 

la  nina  aplicada=the  studious  girl 

Uah)  Uiin-nyah)  (ah-ple-cah-dah) 

el  hombre  alto==the  tall  man 

(ayl)  (oiu-bray )  (al-toe) 

la  mujer  elegante=the  stylish  woman 

(lah)  (moo-her)  (ay-lay-gan-tay) 

la  flor  hennosa=the  beautiful  flower 

(lah)  (flore)  (er-mo-sah) 

el  arbol  historico=the  historical  tree 

(ail)(ar-bol)(is-tor-e-co) 

la  rama  grande=the  large  branch 

(lah)  (rab-mah)  (gran-day) 

la  casa  espaciosa=the  spacious  house 

(lah)  (cas-sab.)  (es-path-e-os-ah) 

la  roca  dura=the  solid  rock 

(lah)  (ro-cah)  (door-ah) 

la  ciudad  grande=the  large  city 

(lah)  (thleh-oo-dath)  (gran -day) 

el  pueblo  pequeno=the  little  town 

(ayl)  (poo-ay-blo)  (pay-keen-nyo) 

la  montana  alta=the  high  mountain 

(lah)  (mon-tan-nyah)  (al-tah) 

el  cielo  azul=the  blue  sky 

(ayl)  (tui-eh-loh)  (alh-ool) 

el  sombrero  bonito:=the  pretty  hat 

(ayl)  (som-brer-o)  (bo-nee-toe) 

la  corbata  ancha=the  broad  necktie 

(lah)  (cor-bah-tah)  (an-tchah) 

el  chaleco  blanco=the  white  vest 

(ayl)  (tcbahl-ay-co)  (blan-coe) 

el  rio  caudaloso=the  mighty  river 

(ayl)  (ree-o)cah-oo-dal-os-ao) 

el  paisaje  pintoresco=the  picturesque  landscape 

(ayl)  (pah-ls-sah-hay)  (pln-tor-««-co) 

el  tren  expreso=the  express  train 

(ajl) (tr«a) (ex-pray so) 

9 


el  tren  correo=the  mail  train 

(ayl) (tren) (cor-ray'-o) 

el  oso  bianco =the  white  bear 

(ayl)(os-so)  (blan-coe) 

el  tigre  feroz~the  ferocious  tiger 

(ayl) (tee-gray) (fer-oth) 

el  perro  fiel=the  loyal  dog 

(ayl)(per-ro)(fe-el) 

el  viento  fuerte=the  vigorous  wind 

(ayl) (Te-en-toe) (foo-er-tay) 

el  mar  bravio=the  furious  sea 

(ayl)  (mar)brah-ve-o) 

el  reloj  segnro=the  accurate  clock 

(ayl)  ( ro-loe)  Uay-soor-o) 


NUMERO=Number 

(noo'-mer-o) 

When  a  word  names  or  tells  of  a  single  person  or  thing  it 
is  singular ;  when  it  tells  of  more  than  one  it  is  plural. 

(Singular)  (Plural) 

la  fuente=the  fountain  las  flores=the  flowers 

(lahl(foo-en-tay)  (labs) (flo-reB) 

la  mata=the  small  bush  las  frutas=the  fruits 

UahHmah-tan)  (lahs)  (froo-tas) 

el  manantial=4he  spring  water  los  vasos=the  glasses 

(ayl)  (mah-nan-te-al)  (los)  (vah-sos) 

la  choza=the  hut  las  uvas=the  grapes 

(lab) (tchoth-ah)  (lab*) (oo-raa) 

el  hilo=the  thread  los  pollos=the  chickens 

(ayD(ee-lo)  (losXpol-lyos) 

el  plano=the  plan  las  cabras=the  goats 

(ayl)  (plab-no)  (labs)  (cab-bras) 

el  mapa=the  map  las  cartas=tne  letters 

(ayl)'.mah-pah)  (lahs)  (car-tas) 

The  ordinary  method  of  forming  a  plural  in  Spanish  is 
that  of  adding  s  or  es  to  the  singular  as : 

(Singular)  (Plural) 

la  llave=the  key  las  llaves=the  keys 

(liih)U-lyah-vay)  (lahs)  (1-lyah -Tea) 

la  montana=the  mountain         las  montanas=the  mountains 

(lab)  f  mon-Un-nyah)  (labs)  (mon-tan-njas) 

10 


(Singular) 
la  rana=the  frog 

(hih)lrah-nah) 

el  soldado=the  soldier 


(ayl)  (sol-dah-doh) 


el  pollo=the  chicken 

(ayD(pol-lyo) 

el  cordero=the  lamb 


(ayl) (cor-der-o) 

el  mel6n=the  melon 

(ayl)  (may-Ion) 

el  corazon=the  heart 

(ayl)  (cor-ab-thon) 

la  leccion=the  lesson 

(lah)Uec-tbeeb-on) 

la  flor=the  flower 

(lab)  (flor) 


(Plural) 
las  ranas=the  frogs 

(labs)  irah-nas) 

los  soldados=the  soldiers 

(los)  (sol-dah-dos) 

los  polios =the  chickens 

(los)  (pol-lyos) 

los  corderos=the  lambs 

(los) (cor-der-os) 

los  melones=the  melons 

(los)  (may-lon-es) 

los  corazones=the  hearts 

(los)  (cor-ah-thon-nes) 

las  lee  clones^  the  lessons 

(lahs)  (lee- tbeo-ou-es) 

las  flores=the  flowers 

UahsMflor-es) 


EL  PRONOMBRE=The  pronoun 

(ayl)  (plo-nom-bray) 

Words  used  instead  of  nouns  are  called  pronouns.  There 
are  different  forms. 

PRONOMBRES  POSESIVOS=Possessive  pronouns 


(pro-noci-bree) 


(pos-se-see-yos) 


mi 

SU 

(mee) 

(BOO) 

mio 

(me-oh) 

my     suyo 

(soo-jo) 

mia 

(me-  ah)   ,, 

suya 

(soo-jah)  __ 

mi  madre=my  mother 

(mee)  (mah-dray) 

mi  jardin=my  garden 

(mee)  Cbar-deen) 

mi  oficina=my  office 

(mee)  (o-feeth-ee-nah) 

su  pipa=your  pipe 

(aoo)ipee-pah) 

BU  pelo=your  hair 

(800) (pay-lo) 

su  pelota=your  ball 

(soo)  (pay-lo-t»h) 


sns 

(BOOS) 


nuestro=our ;  suyos 


(soo-j-os) 

suyas 

(soo-iabs) 


h  theirs 


sus  hermanos=their  brothers 

(soos)   (er-mah-nos) 

sus  jugnetes=their  toys 

(soos)   (hoo-gay-tes) 

sus  ejercicios=their  exercises 

(soos)  (ay-ber-thee-tbee-os) 

sus  pies=their  feet 

(soos) (pea-es) 

sus  oidos=their  ears 

(soos) (o-ee-dos) 

sus  armas=their  arms 

(soos)  (ar-mas) 


11 


el  mio=mme  (mas.) 

(ayD(mee-o) 

la  mia=mine  (fern.) 

(lab)  (mee-ah) 

el  suyo=yours 

(ayl) (soo-jo) 


la  suya=hers 

(lab.)  (soo-jah) 

los   suyos=theirs 

(lOS)  (800-JOS) 

las  suyas=theirs 

(las)  (sou-jahs) 


The  possessive  pronouns,  mi,  su,  nuestro,  and  sus  are 

(mee)   (soo)      (noo-ea-tro)  (soos) 

employed  before  nouns,  mio,   mia  suyo,   suya,  suyos,   and 

(mee-oh)  (mee-ha)   (aoo-joh)   (soo-jah)   (soo-jos) 

suyas,  are  employed  after  nouns. 

(soo-Jas) 

Su  and  suyo  may  be  replaced  or  strengthened  by  de  el, 

(soo)  (soo-jo)  (day)  (ell) 

de  ella,  de  listed. 

(day)  (ayl-lya)  (day)  (oottay-th) 

The  student  will  compose  examples  for  practice  using 
those  already  given  as  models. 


PRONOMBRES  PERSONALES=Personal  pronouns 

(pro-nom-brea)  (payr-soh-nab-les) 

The  personal  pronouns  are: 

Singular  Plural 


First  person    yo=I; 

lyoh) 

Second  " 


First  person    nosotros=we. 

(noh-soh-tros) 


Third 


tu=thou ;     Second 

_(too) 

usted=you ; 

<oos-tay-th) 

el=he  ; 

(ell) 

ella=she ; 

L<ayl-ly») 


Third 


vosotros=you,  ye. 

(voh-soh-tros) 

"ustedes=you. 

(oos-tay-des) 

ellos=they  (masc.) 

(ayl-lyo») 

ellas=they  (fem.) 

(ayl-lyas) 


The  personal  pronoun  of  the  second  person  singular  tu 
and  the  pronoun  of  the  second  person  plural  vosotros  are 
used  in  Spanish  in  the  familiar  style  and  also,  as  in  English, 
in  poetic  or  sacred  writings. 

We  replace  tu  by  usted  and  vosotros  by  ustedes  which 
require  the  verb  in  third  person  singular  and  third  person 
plural  respectively,  in  the  exercises  of  this  book. 

12 


MARTES=Tuesday 

-(mahr-tes)  v 

SALUDOS=Salutations 

(sah-loo-dos) 

Buenos  dias=good  morning 

(booay-nohs) (dee-ahs) 

Buenas  tardes=good  afternoon 

(booay-nahs) (tahr-days) 

Buenas  noches=good  evening  (good  night)' 

(booay-nahs)  (noh-tchays) 

Como  esta  Usted?=how  do  you  do? 

(coh-moh)  (es-tah)  (oos-tayth) 

Muy  bien  gracias  y  Usted  como  esta?=very  well,  thank  you ; 

(moo-ee)  (bee-ayn)  ( grab-  the  -aha)  (e)  (oos-taytli)  (coh-moh)  (es-tah) 

and  how  are  you? 
P  erf  ectamente= very  well 

(per-fec- tab-men- lay) 

DESPEDIDAS=Parting  salutations 

(des-pay-dee-dahs) 

Hasta  la  vista=until  we  meet  again 

(as-tah)Uah)(vees-tah) 

Buen  viaje^may  you  have  a  pleasant  voyage 

(boo-en)  (ve-ahhay) 

Que  lo  pase  bien,  adios— may  prosperity  attend  you,  good  bye 

(kay)  (lo)  (pah-say)  (bee-ayn)  (ah-dee-ohs) 

Buena  suerte=good  luck 

(boo-ay-nah)  (soo-er-tay) 

Adios=good  bye. 

(ah-dee-ohs) 

NUMEROS  CARDINALES=Cardinal  numbers 

(noo-meroh»)  (car-de-nal-ays) 


0. 

cero 

5. 

cinco 

10. 

diez 

(the-ro) 

(theen-coh) 

(dee-eth) 

1. 

uno 

6. 

seis 

11. 

once 

(oo-uoh) 

(say-ees) 

(ohn-thay) 

2. 

dos 

7. 

siete 

12. 

doce 

(dobs) 

(see-ay-tay) 

(doh-thay) 

3. 

tres 

8. 

ocho 

13. 

trece 

(trays) 

(oh-tchoh) 

(tray-thay) 

4. 

cuatro 

9. 

nueve 

14. 

catorce 

(koo-ah-tro) 

(noo-  ay-way) 

(ca-tohr-tliay) 

13 


15.  quince 

(kecii-thay) 

16.  diez  y  seis 

(dee-eth) (e) (sayees) 


17.  diez  y  siete 

(dee-eth) (e) (see-ate) 

18.  diez  y  ocho 

(dee-eth)  (e)  (oh-tchoh) 


22.  veinte  y  dos  50.    cincuenta 

(vay-een-tay) (e)  (dohs)  (theen-coo-ayn-tah) 

23.  veinte  y  tres  60.    sesenta 

(ray-een-tay) (e) (trays  (say-sayn-tah) 

30.  treinta  70.    setenta 

(tray-een-tah)  (say-tayii-tah) 

31.  treinta  y  uno  80.    ochenta 

(tray-een-tah)  (e)  (oo-noh)  (o-tchayn-tah) 

19.  diez  y  nueve       32.    treinta  y  dos  90.    noventa 

(dee-eth)  (e)  (noo-ay-vay)                     (tray-een-tah)  (e)  (dohs)  (not-vayn-tah) 

20.  veinte                 33.    treinta  y  tres  100.    ciento 

(vay-een-tay)                                   (tray-een-tah) (e)  (trays)  (thee-ayn-toh) 

21.  veinte  y  uno      40.    cuarenta  200.    dos  cientos 

(yay-een-tay)  (e)  (oo-noh)               (coo-ah-rayn-t*h)  (dohs-thee-aya-tohs) 

500.    quinientos  1.000.    mil 

(Quee-nee-ayn-tohs)  (meel) 

1.000.000.    millon 

(meel-lyon) 


VERBOS=Verbs 

(ver-bos) 

The  verb  is  the  most  important  word  in  the  sentence. 

Spanish  verbs  (unlike  the  English)  have  inflections.  The 
terminations  indicate  the  tense,  number,  and  person.  All 
Spanish  verbs  are  divided  into  three  conjugations  in  accord- 
ance with  the  terminations  of  the  infinitive  mood.  The 
terminations  of  the  infinitive  of  the  first,  second,  and  third 
conjugations  are  respectively  ar,  er,  ir.  For  example 
us-ar=to  use,  to  wear;  aprend-er=to  learn;  part-ir=to 

(oo-sar) 

depart. 


(ah-pren-der) 


(par-tir) 


VERBOS  REGULARES=Regular  verbs 

(ver-bos)  (ray-goo-la-res) 

The  root  of  the  regular  verbs  does  not  change.  In  the 
first  conjugation,  for  the  present,  past  and  future  tenses  the 
termination  of 

the  first  person  singular,  present  is  o ;  past  e ;  future  are 
'  third  a;     "     6;     "       ara 

"  first      "        plural,          "      amos;"  amos; "    aremos 
'  third    "  "        an;   "  aron;  "     aran 

14 


For  example: 

am-ar=to  love  (infinitive  mood) 

(ah-mar) 

am-ando=loving  (present  participle) 

(ah-man-do) 

am-ado=loved  (past  participle) 

(afc-mah-do) 


PRESENTE=Present  (indicative  mood), 

(pray-sayn-t&y) 

Singular 
Yo  amo=I  love 

(yoh)  (ah-moh) 


Usted 

(oos-tay-th) 

el 

(ell) 

ella 

(ayl-lya) 


am-a= 

(ah  mah) 


you  love 


he 

she 


'loves 


Plural 
nosotros  am-amos=  we  love 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ah-mah-mos) 


love 


ustedes  1 

'you 

(oos-tay-des) 

ellos 

.am-an=  . 

they 

(ayl-lyos) 

(ah-malin) 

ellas 

they 

(ayl-lyas)       J 

»           J 

PASADO   DEFINIDO=Past  definite 

(pah-sah-doh)  (day-fin-e-do 

Singular 
Yo  am-e=I  loved 

(yo)(ah-may) 


loved 


usted 

you   1 

(oos-Uy-th) 

el 

L  am-6=    . 

he 

(ell) 

(ali-mo) 

lla 

she 

15 


Plural 
nosotros  am-amos=we  loved 


(noh-Boh-tros)  (ah-maU-mos) 


ustedes    - 

'you   • 

(oosi-tay-des) 

ellos 

,  am-aron=  . 

they 

(ayl-lyoa) 

(ah-mah-roii) 

ellas 

they 

(ayl-lyas)        . 

. 

.loved 


FUTURO=Future 

(foo-too-roh) 

Singular 
Yo  am-are=I  shall  or  will  love 

(yoh)  (ah-mah-ray") 


listed     " 

^ 

(oos-tay-th) 

you 

el 

(ell) 

ham-ara=  . 

(ah-mah-ra) 

he 

ella 

she 

(ayl-lya)        J 

Shall  or  will  love 


Plural 
nosotros  am-aremos=we  shall  or  will  love 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ah-mah-ra>'nios) 


•Shall  or  will  love 


ustedes    " 

ryou  " 

(oos-tay-des) 

ellos 

am-aran=  . 

they 

(ayl-lyos) 

(ah-mah-rahu) 

ellas 

they 

(ayl-lyas)         " 

k 

This  will  serve  as  a  model  for  the  present,  past,  and 
future  tenses  of  all  the  regular  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation. 


PARTE  PRACTICA=Practical  part 

(par-lay)          (prac-te-cah) 

Habl-ar=to  speak,  to  talk,  habl-ando=speaking. 

(ah-blahar)  (ah-blahn-do) 

habl-ado = sp  oken. 

(ah-blah-do) 

16 


PRESENTE=Present 

(pray-sayn-tay) 

Yo  habl-o  espanol=I  speak  Spanish 

(yo)  (ah-bloh)  (ays-pah-nyol) 

Usted  habl-a  ingles =you  speak  English 

(oos-tayth)  (ah-blah)  (ing-glays) 

el  habl-a  ruso=he  speaks  Russian. 

(ell)  I  ah-blah)  (roos'-so) 

ella  habl-a  aleman=she  speaks  German 

(ayl-lya)  (ah-blah)  (ay-lah-mau) 

nosotros  habl-amos  muy  poco  el  frances=we  speak  very  little 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ah-blah-mos)  ( moo -e')  (poke)  (el)  (frahn-thays) 

French, 
ustedes  habl-an  muchas  lenguas=you  speak  many  languages. 

(oos-tay-des)  (ah-blahn)  (moo-tehaa)  (len-goo-ahs) 

ellos  habl-an  solo  italiano=they  speak  only  Italian. 

(ayl-lyos)  (ah-blahn)  (soh-lo)  (ee-tah-lee-ah-uoh) 

ellas  habl-an  diferentes  idiomas=they  (fern.)  speak  different 

(ayl-lays)  (ah-blahn)  (de-feren-tays)  (ee-de-o-mahs) 

languages. 

In  the  interrogative  form  of  a  sentence  in  Spanish  the 
verb  is  placed  before  the  subject. 

Habl-a  usted  ingles?:=Do  you  speak  English? 

(ah-blah)  (oos-tayth)  (ing-glays) 

si  sefior ;  yo  habl-o  ingles=yes,  I  speak  English. 

(sec)  (say-nyor)  (yob.)  (ah-bloh)  (ing-glays) 

Habl-a  el  espanol?=Does  he  speak  Spanish? 

(ah-blah)  (ell)  (ays-pah-nyol) 

no  senor ;  el  no  habl-a  espaiiol=no !  he  does  not  speak  Spanish 

(no)  (say-nyor)  (ell)  (no)  (ah-blah)  (ays-pah-nyol) 

Que  idioma  habla  ella?=What  language  does  she  speak? 

(kay)  (ee-dee-oh-mah)  (ah-blah)  (ayl-lyah) 

ella  habla  portugues=she  speaks  Portuguese. 

(ayl-lya)  (ah-blah)  (por-too-ges) 

Que  idioma  hablamos  nosotros  en  los  Estados  Unidos?=What 

(kay)  (ee-dee-oh-mah)  (ah-blah-nws)  (noh-soh-tros)  (en)  (los)  (es-tah-doea)  (oo-nee-dos) 

language  do  we  speak  in  the  United  States? 
Dese-ar=to  wish 

(day-say  ahr) 

Dese-ando=wisliing  Dese-ado= wished 

(day-say-ahudo)  (day-say-ah-do) 

This  verb  is  usually  followed  by  a  dependent  verb.     The 
dependent  verb  must  be  in  the  infinitive  mood. 

17 


PASADO  DEFINIDO=Past  definite 

(pah-sah-doh)         (day-finee-do) 

yo  dese-e  estudiar  historia=I  wished,  (did  wish)  to  study 

(yoh)  (day-say-ayh)  (ea-too-dee-ahr)  (is-tor-ee-ah) 

history, 
usted  dese-6  viajar==you  wished  (did  wish)  to  travel. 

(oos-tayth)  (day-say-oh)  (vee-ah-hahr) 

el  dese-6  exportar  sus  productos=he  wished  to  export  his 

(ell)  (day-say-oh)  (ex-por-tar)     (soos)   (proh-dooc-toa) 

products, 
ella  dese-6  ser  feliz=she  wished  to  be  happy. 

(ayl-lay)  (day-say-oh)  (ser)  (fay-litb) 

nosotros  dese-amos  ir  a  Mejico=we  wished  to  go  to  Mexico. 

(nob-soh-tros)  (day-say-ah-mos)  (ir)  (ah)  (may-he-coe) 

ustedes  dese-aron  tener  dinero=you  wished  to  have  money. 

(oos-tay-dee)  (day-say-ah-ron)  (tay-ner)  (dee-ner-oh) 

ellos  dese-aron  vender  generos=they  wished  to  sell  goods. 

(ayl-lyos)  (day-say-ab-ron)  (ven-der)  (hay-ner-obs) 

ellas  dese-aron  tener  perlas  y  flores=they  wished  to  have 

(ayl-lyas)  (day-say-ah-ron)  (tay-ner)  (per-labs)  (ee)  (flores) 

pearls  and  flowers. 

The  adverbs  donde=where,  cuando=when,  como=how 

(don'-day)  (coo-an-do)  (como) 

(in  what  manner)  are  always  placed  before  the  verb. 
Compr-ar==to  buy,  to  purchase 

(com-prar) 

Compr-ando=buying,  Compr-ado=bought. 

(com-prahn-do)  (com-prah-do) 

FORMA  INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative  form 

(for-mali)  (in-ter-ro-gah-tee-vah) 

FUTURO=Future 

(foo-too-ro) 

donde  compr-ara  usted  algodon?= where  will  (or  shall)  you 

(don-day)     (com-prar-ah)  (oos-tayth)     (al-go-don) 

buy  cotton? 
yo  compr-are  algodon  en  Alabama=I  shall  buy  cotton  in 

(yoh)     (com-pra-ray)        (al-go-don)     (en)     (a-la-ba-ma) 

Alabama, 
donde  compr-ara  su  senora  los  sombreros  ?= where  will  your 

(don-day)  (com-pra-rab)     (soo)  (say-myo-rah)  (loa)  (som-bro-roe) 

wife  buy  her  hats? 

18 


Cuando  compr-ara  ella  sus  generos?=When  will  she  buy  her 

(coo-an-do)     (com-pra-rah)  (ayl-lya)  (soos)  (hay-ner-ohs) 

goods? 
Como  compr-ara  el,  al  detalle  6  al  por  mayor?=How  will  he 

(co-mo)       (com-pra-rah)   (ell)  (ahl)  (day-tal-lyay)  (o)(ahl)(por)   (mah-jor) 

buy,  at  retail  or  wholesale? 

The  following  are  the  most  important  verbs  of  the  first 
conjugation.  The  student  will  employ  them  in  composing 
sentences  for  practice,  using  as  models  the  sentences  already 
given  under  the  head  of  Present,  Past,  and  Future  tenses. 

am-ar=to  love,      habl-ar=to  speak,      dese-ar=to  wish, 

(ah-mar)  (ah-blahr)  (day-say-ahr) 

compr-ar=to  buy. 

(com-pr-ar) 


Abrazar=to  embrace 

(ab-brath-ar) 

Abreviar=to  abridge 

(ah-bray-yee-ahr) 

Acabar=to  finish 

(acah-bar) 

Acariciar=to  caress 

(ah-care-thee-ar) 

Aceptar=to  accept 

(ah-thep-tar) 

Acompanar=to  accompany 

(ah-com-pan-oyar) 

Activar=to  hasten 

(ac- tee-var) 

Ablandar=to  soften 

(ah-blan-dar) 

Abrasar=to  burn 

(ah-bras-sar) 

Abrigar=to  shelter 

(ah-bree-gar) 

Accionar=to  gesticulate 

(ac-thee-o-nar) 

Acechai=to  waylay 

(ah-theh-tchar) 

Aclarar=to  clarify 

(ah-clar-ar) 

Acortar=to  shorten 

(ah -cor -tar) 


Acreditar=to  credit 

(ah-creh-de-tar) 

Adelantar=to  advance 

(ah-deh-lan-ur) 

Admirar=to  admire 

(ad-me-rar) 

Afilar=to  sharpen 

(ah-fe-lar) 

Atar=to  tie 

(ah-tar) 

Bajar=to  descend 

(bah-har) 

Banar=to  bathe 

(b&n-yar) 

Besar=to  kiss 

(bes-sar) 

Buscar==to  seek 

(boos-car) 

Calmar=to  calm 

(cal-mar) 

Callar=to  silence 

(cal-lyar) 

Cambiar=to  exchange 

(cam-be-ar) 

Caminar=to  walk 

(cam-e-nar) 

Cazar=to  hunt 

(cath-ar) 


19 


Cortar=to  cut 

(cor -tar) 

Declarar=to  declare 

(day-clar-ar) 

Dedicar=to  dedicate 

(day-de-car) 

Dejar=to  leave 

(day-bar) 

Desnudar=to  undress 

(des-noo-dar) 

Desocupar=to  evacuate 

(de-so-coo-par) 

Echar=to  throw 

(ay-tchar) 

Emplear=to  employ 

(em-play-ar) 

Empujar=to  push 

(em-poo-har) 

Escuchar=to  listen 

(es-coo-tchar) 

Extranar=to  wonder 

(eks-tran-yar) 

Faltar=to  fail 

(fal-tar) 

Fechar=to  date 

(faytchar) 

Pormar=to  form 

(for -mar) 

Fundar=to  establish 

(foon-dar) 

Ganar=to  gain 

(gah-nar) 


Girar=to  turn,  to  draw 

(hi-rar) 

Gozar=to  enjoy 

(goth-ar) 

Habitar=to  inhabit 

(ah-be-tar) 

Hallar=to  find 

(al-lyar) 

Ignorar=to  ignore 

(ig-nor-ar) 

Importar=to  import 

(im-por-tar) 

Justificar=to  justify; 

(hoos-te-fe-car) 

Levantar=to  raise 

(lay-van-tar) 

Llegar=to  arrive 

(l-lya-gar) 

Mandar=to  send 

(man-dar) 

Notificar=to  notify 

(no-te-fe-car) 

Ocupar=to  occupy 

(o-coo-par) 

Pescar=to  fish 

(pes-car) 

Pintar=to  paint 

(pin-tar) 

Trabajar=to  work 

(trah-bah-har) 

Viajar=to  travel 

(ree-au-han 


ACENTO=Accent 

(ah-then-toh) 

The  accent  or  stress  of  voice  falls  on  the  syllable  which 
has  the  acute  (written)  accent.  When  a  word,  which  has 
no  acute  accent,  has  for  its  final  letter  a  consonant,  except 
n  or  s,  the  stress  of  voice  falls  on  the  ultima  or  last  syllable. 
In  words  which  have  for  their  final  letter  a  vowel,  or  either 
of  the  consonants  n  or  s  the  stress  of  voice  falls  on  the  pen- 
ultima  or  syllable  before  the  last. 

The  Punctuation  of  the  Spanish  Language  corresponds 
with  the  English  punctuation. 

20 


LA  PREPOSICION=The  Preposition. 

(lib)     (pray-poh-seeth-e-on) 

'A  Preposition  is  a  word  placed  before  a  noun,  pronoun 
or  verb  to  show  its  relation  to  some  other  word  in  a  sen- 
tence. 

The  following  are  the  prepositions  in  common  use :  &,  to, 

(ah) 

at;  ante,  before;  con,  with;  contra,  against;  de,  of;  desde, 

lan-taj)  (con)  (con-trah)  (day)  (del-day) 

from,  since;  en,  in,  on,  by;  entre,  between;  hacia,  toward; 

(en)  (en-tray)  (ath-e-ah) 

hasta,  until ;  para,  for,  to,  in  order  to ;  por,  by ;  segun,  accord- 

(M-tah)  (pah-rah)  (Bar)  (lay-soon) 

ing  to ;  sin,  without ;  sobre,  on. 

(aeon)  (Boii-bray) 


EJEMPLOS=Example§ 

(ay-hem-ple>) 

yo  mando  flores  a  mi  madre=I  send  flowers  to  my  mother. 

(yo)  (man-dob)  (floh-res)  (ah)  (mee)  (mah-dray) 

a  quien  manda  Vd.  dinero  por  cable?=to  whom  do  you  send 

(ah)  (kec-en)  (man-dab)  (oos-tayth)  (dee-nay-rob)  (por)  (kah-blay) 

money  by  cable? 
yo  mando  dinero  por  cable  a  mi  corresponsal  en  Valencia=I 

(yo)  (man-doh)  (dee-nay-roh)  (por)  (kah-blay)  (ah)  (mee)  (coh-res-pon-aal)  (en)  ( VaJi-lay-n-thee-ah) 

send  money  by  cable  to  my  correspondent  in  Valencia 
con  quien  mandara  Vd.  esos  documentos?=with  whom  will 

(con)  ( (kee-en)  (man-dah-rah)  (oos-tayth)  (ay-sos)  (doh-koo-men-toi) 

you  send  these  documents? 
yo  mandare  los  documentos  por  correo=I  shall  send  the 

(yo)   (man-dah-ray)   (los)     (doh-koo-men-tos)     (por)  (coh-rray-oh) 

documents  by  mail 
como  mandara  Vd.  este  giro?=how  will  you  send  this  draft? 

(corn-mob)  (man-dab-rab)  (ooa-tay-tb)  (ea-tay)  (bee-rob) 

yo  mandare  este  giro  por  cable=I  shall  send  this  draft  by 

(yob)  (man-dab-ray)  (ei-tay )  (bee-rob)  (por)  (kab-blay) 

cable 
mandara  Vd.  &  su  agente  6  comprar  los  generos  hoy?=will 

(man-dah-rah)  (oos-tayth)  (ah)  (soo)  (ah-hen-tay)  (ah)  (com-prar)(los)(hay-nay-roa)(oh-ee) 

you  send  your  agent  to  buy  the  goods  to-day? 

21 


si  sencr;  yo  mandare  a  mi  agente  a  comprar  los  generos 

(set)  (say-nycr)  (yoh)(man-dah-ray)(ah)(mee)(ah-hen-tay)(ah)  (comprar)       (los)    (hay-nay-ros) 

inmediatamente=yes ;  I  shall  send  my  agent  to  buy  the 

(in-may-de-ah-Uh-men-tay) 

goods  immediately 
que  ensena  el  maestro  a  sus  discipulos=what  does  the  in- 

(kay>  (ayn-say-nyah)(ayl)  (mah-ays-troh)  (ah)  (soos)  (dees-thee-poo-los) 

structor  teach  his  pupils, 
el  maestro  ensena  a  sus  discipulos  a  leer,  a  escribir,  y  a  hablar 

(ayl)mah-es-troh)  (en-say-n-yah)  (ah)  (soos)  (dis-thee-poo-los)  (ah)  (lay-er-J  (ah)  (es-cree-bir)(e)  ah) 

espanol=the  instructor  teaches  his  pupils  to  read,  write, 

(ah-blar)  (ei-pahn-yol) 

and  speak  Spanish 
yo  dsseo  ir  a  Espana  en  un  vapor  grande  y  rapido=I  want 

(joh)  (day-say-oh)  (eer)  (ah)  (es-pahn-yah)  (en)  (oon)  (vah-por)  (gran-day)  (e)  (rah-pe-doh) 

to  go  to  Spain  on  a  big  and  fast  steamer 
desea  Vd.  ir  a  California  en  tren?=do  you  wish  to  go  to 

(day-aay-ah)  (oos-tayth)(eer)  (ah)  (cah-le-Ior-nee-ah)  (en)  (Uen) 

California  by  rail? 
si,  yo  lo  deseo=yes,  I  do 

(see)  (yoh)  (lob)  (day-say-oh) 

desea  Vd.  ir  al  teatro  hoy?=do  you  wish  to  go  to  the  theatre 

(day-say-ah)  (oos-tayth)  (eer)  (al)  (Uy-ah-troh)  (oh-ee) 

to-day? 
si  seiior ;  yo  deseo  ir  al  teatro  en  mi  nuevo  automovil==yes ;  I 

(soe)  day-nyor)  (yoh)  (day-say-oh)  (eer)  (al)  (Uy-ab-troh) (en)  (mee)  (noo-ay-voh )  lah-oo-u  h-rn  h-vli) 

should  like  to  go  to  the  theatre  in  my  new  automobile 
a  qne  hora  acaba  Vd.  su  trabajo  en  la  oficina?=at  \vhat  time 

(ah)  (toy)  (oli-rah)  (ah-cah-bah)  (oos-tayth)  (soo)  ( trah-bah-hoh)  (en)  (lah)  (oh-fee-toee-nili) 

do  you  finish  your  work  in  the  office? 
yo  acabo  mi  trabajo  en  la  oficina  a  las  cinco  de  la  tarde=I 

(job)  (ah-cah-boh) (mee)  (trah-bah-hoh)  (en)  (!ah)(oh-fo*-Uiee-nah)(ah)(la3)(theen-coh)  (day) 

(lah)Ur-day) 

finish  my  work  in  the  office  at  five  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon 
cuando  acabara  Vd.  ese  trabajo?=when  will  you  finish  that 

(koo-an-doh)(ah-cah-bab-rah)(coe-tayUi)(ay-8ay)(trah-bih-hoh) 

work? 
yo  acabare  el  trabajo  en  dos  horas=I  shall  finish  the  work 

(yoh)  (ah-kah-bah-ray)  (ayl)  (trah-bah-bob)  (en)  (dot)  (ob-ru) 

in  two  hours. 

22 


MIERCOLES=Wednesday 

(mee-ayr-ooh-less) 

DIVISION  DEL  TIEMPO==Division  of  time 

(dee-vis-see-on)        (del)      (tee-aym-pob) 


segundo— second 

(say-goon-doh) 

mmuto=mmute 

(mee-noo-to) 

hora=hour 

(or-ah) 

mafiana    morning 

(man-yah-nah) 

tarde=afternoon 

(tar-day) 

noche=mght 

(no-tchay) 

dia=day 

(dee-ab) 


semana=week 

(say-mah-nah) 

mes=niontli 

(mes) 

estacion=season 

(es-tah-tliee-on) 

ano=year 

(an-nyo) 

generacion= generation 

(he-nay-rah-  thee-on) 

siglo=century 

(see-glo) 

epoca=epoch 

(ay-po-cab) 


MESES=Months 

(may-says) 


Enero= January 

(ay-nay-roh) 

Febrero=February 

(fay-bray-ro) 

Marzo=Marcli 

(mar-tbob) 

Abril=April 

(a-breel) 

Mayo=May 

(mah-joh) 

Junio=June 

(hoo-nee-o) 


Julio=July 

(hoo-lee-oh) 

Agosto= August 

(ah-gohs-toh) 

Septiembre^September 

(sep- tee-em-bray) 

Octubre=0ctober 

(oc-too-bray) 

Noviembre=November 

(no-vee-em-bray) 

Diciembre=December 

( dee-tbee-em-bray ) 


ESTACIONES=Seasons 

(es-tah-tbe-o-nes) 


Primavera=spring 

(pree-mah-vay-rah) 

Verano=summer 

(vay-rab-nob) 


Otofio^autumn 

(oh-ton-yoh) 

Invierno=winter 

(een-vee-air-cob) 


23 


EL  TIEMPO=The  weather 

(ail)  (tee-aym-pob. 


buen  tiempo=good  weather 

(boo-en)  (tee-aym-poh) 

mal  tiempo=bad  weather 

(mal)  (tee-aym-poh) 

hace  frio^it  is  cold 

(ath-ay)  (free-o) 

hace  calor=it  is  hot 

(ath-ay) (ca-lor) 

la  lluvia=the  rain 

(lah)  (1-yoo-ve-ah) 

llover=to  rain 

(l-yo-ver) 

la  nieve=the  snow 

(lah) (nee-ay-vay) 

nevar=to  snow 

(nay-var) 

el  granizo=the  hail 

(»yl) (grah-uee-tho) 


granizar=to  hail 

(grah-nee-thar) 

sol=sun 

(801) 

sombra=shade 

(som-brah) 

el  hielo=the  ice 

(»yl)  (ee-el-o) 

helar^to  freeze 

(ay-lar) 

montana  de  hielo=iceberg 

(mon-tan-nyah)  (day)  (ee-el-o) 

niebla=fog 

(nee-ay-blah) 

viento=wind 

(vee-en-to) 

tempestad^storm 

(tem-pes-tath) 


VERBOS  REGULAEES=Regular  verbs 

(ver-bos)  (ray-goo-la-res) 

Segunda  conjugacion=Second  conjugation 

(say-goon-dah)    (coD-boo-gath-e-on) 

The  root  of  the  verb  does  not  change.  In  the  second 
conjugation  for  the  present,  past,  and  future  tenses  the  ter- 
mination of 

the  first  person  singular,  present  is  o;  past  i;  future  ere 


third 

first 

third 


plural, 
«< 

For  example: 


e;     '  io; 

emos;"  imos; ' 

en;   "  ieron; 


era 

eremos 
eran 


aprend-er=to  learn 

(ah-pren-der) 


aprendiendo=learning 

(ah-prtu-du-un-du) 


aprendido=learned 

(ali-pren-de-do) 


24 


PRESENTE=Present  (indicative  mood) 

(pray-sen-tay) 

Singular 
Yo  aprendo=I  learn 


(yoh)(ah-pren-doh) 


usted     ' 

(oos-tay-th) 

el 

(ell) 

ella 

(ayl-lya) 


you  learn 


(ah-pren-day,  l 

she    J 


Plural 
nosotros  aprend-emos=we  learn 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ah-pren-day-inoa) 

ustedes }  (  you 

(oos-tay-Ues) 

ellos       laprend-en=   .  they 

(ayl-lyos)  (ah-pren-dayn) 

ellas  they 


learn 


PASADO=Past 

(pab-sah-doh) 

Singular 
Yo  aprend-i=I  learned 

(yoh) (ah-pren-de«) 


listed 

too3-tay-th) 

el 

(ell) 

ella 


>  aprend-io=  . 

(ah-pren-de-o) 


'you 

he 

she 


learned 


Plural 
nosotros  aprend-imos=we  learned 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ah-pren-dee-mos) 


ustedes 

(oos-tay-dcs) 

ellos 

(ayl-lyos) 

ellas 

(ayl-lyas)      J 


aprend-ieron= 

(ah-pren-de-ay-ron) 


'you 
they 
they 


learned 


25 


FUTURO=Future 

(foo-too-ro) 

Singular 
Yo  aprend-ere=I  shall  or  will  learn 

(yoh)  (ah-pren-day-ray) 


.  shall  or  will  learn 


listed 

(oos-tay-th) 

'you. 

el 

(ell) 

aprend-era=  . 

(ah-pren-day-rah) 

he 

ella 

(ayl-lya)         •> 

she 

Plural 

nosotros  aprend-eremos=we  shall  or  will  learn 

(noh-soh-troa)  (ah-pren-day-ray-mon) 

ustedes  1 


(oos-tay-des) 


aprend-eran= . 


(ahpren-day-rahn) 


you 
they 


they 


shall  or  will  learn 


(co-mee-do) 


ellos 

(ayl-Iyos) 

ellas 

(ayl-lyas) 

This  verb  will  serve  as  a  model  for  the  present,  past, 
and  future  tenses  of  all  the  regular  verbs  of  the  second 
conjugation. 

PARTE  PRACTICA=Practical  part 

(par-taj)        (prac-tl-cah) 

PRESENTE=Present 

(pray-Myn,-tay) 

Com-er=to  eat,  to  dine;  comiendo=eating;  comido=eaten. 

(co-mer'J  (co-me-ayn-do)  (c 

Yo  com-o  pescado=I  eat  fish. 

(yoh)  (co-mo)  (pes-cah-doe) 

usted  com-e  carne=you  eat  meat 

(oos-tay-th)  (co-may)  (car-nay) 

el  com-e  patatas=he  eats  potatoes 

(ell)  (co-may)  (pah-tah-tahs) 

ella  com-e  frutas=she  eats  fruit 

(ayl-lya)  (co-may)  (froo-tahs) 

nosotros  com-emos  aves=we  eat  poultry 

(noh-soh-tros)  (co-may-mos)  (ah-ves) 

ustedes  com-en  legumbres=you  eat  vegetables 

(oos-tay-des)  (co-mayn)  (lay-goom-bres) 

ellos  com-en  pan=they  eat  bread 

(a;l-lyo8)  (co-mayn)  (palm) 

ellas  com-en  dulces=they  eat  sweets — candies 

(ayl-lyai)  (co-mayn)  (dool-thayi) 

26 


FORMA  COLOQUIAL=Conversational  form 

(for-mah)  (co-lo-ke-al) 

com-e  usted  en  el  hotel?=do  you  eat  in  the  hotel? 

(co-mar)  (oos-tay-th)  (en)  (ayl)  (o-tayl) 

no  seiior;  yo  coni-o  en  mi  casa=no  sir,  I  eat  at  my  home. 

(no)  (say-nyor)  (yoh)  (co-mo)  (eti)  (mee)  (ka-sah) 

a  que  hora  com-e  ella?=at  what  time  does  she  dine  ? 

(all)  (kay)  (or-ah)  (co-may)  (ayl-)  (lya) 

ella  com-e  todos  los  dias  a  las  12?=she  dines  every  day  at  12 

(ayl-lya)  (co-may)  (to-dos)  (los)  (dee-ahs)  (ah)  dans)  (do-tbay) 

o'clock. 
que  com-e  el?=what  does  he  eat? 

(kay)     (co-may    (el) 

el  com-e  polio  asado=he  eats  roast  chicken. 

(ell)  (com-ay)  (pol-lyo)  (ah-sah-doe) 

com-emos  nosotros  la  carne  con  la  cuchara?=do  we  eat  meat 

(co-may-mos)  (noh-soh-tros)  (lah)  (car-nay)  (con)  (lah)  (coo-tcha-rah) 

with  a  spoon? 
no  senor,  nosotros  comemos  la  carne  con  tenedor  y  cuchillo=» 

(no)  (say-nyor)  (noh-soh-tros)  (co-may-mos)  (lah)  (car-nay)  (con)  (tay-nay-dor)  (ee)  (coo-tcheel-lyo) 

no,  we  eat  meat  with  a  knife  and  fork, 
comen  ellas  patatas  cocidas?=do  they  eat  boiled  potatoes? 

(co-mayn)  (ayl-lyas)  (pah-tah)  (co-thee-dahs) 

no  seiior,  ellas  com-en  patatas  fritas=no,  they  eat  fried  pota- 

(no)  (say-nyor)  (ayl-lyas)  (co-mayu)  (pah-tah-tahs)  (free- tabs) 

toes. 

FUTURO=Future 

(foo-too-ro) 

beber=to  drink,  bebiendo= drinking,  bebido=drunk  or  drank 

bay-ber)  (bay-bee-en-do)  (bay-bee-do) 

yo  bebere  agua  fresca=I  shall  (or  will)  drink  fresh  water. 

(yoh)  (bay-bay-ray)  (ah'-goo-ah)  (fres-kah) 

usted  bebe-ra  vino=you  shall  (or  will)  drink  wine. 

(oos-tay-th)  (bay-bay-rah)  (vee-no) 

el  bebe-ra  licores=he  (shall  or)  will  drink  liquors. 

(ell)  (bay-bay-rah)  (lee-co-res) 

ella  beb-era  leche  caliente=she  (shall  or)  will  drink  hot  milk. 

(ayl-lya)  (bay-bay-rah)  (lay-tchay)  (cah-lee-en-tay) 

nosotros  beberemos  cerveza=we  shall  drink  beer. 

(noh-soh-tros)  (bay-bay-ray-mos)  (ther-veth-ah) 

ustedes  beberan  agnas  minerales=you  will  drink  mineral 

(oos-taydes)  (bay-bayralm)  (ah-goo-ash)  (ince-uer-al-es) 

waters. 

27 


ellos  beb-eran  en  vasos  grandes=they  will  drink  from  large 

(ayl-lyos)  (bay-bay-rahn)  (en)  (vah-sos)  (gran'-days) 

,  glasses 
ellas  beb-eran  en  vasos  pequeiios=they  shall  drink  from  small 

(ayl-lyas)  (bay-bayrahn)  (en)  (vah-sos)  (pay-ben-nyos) 

glasses 


FORMA  INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative  form 

(for-mah)  (In-ter-ro-gah-tee-Tah) 

bebera  usted  vino  de  jerez?=will  you  drink  sherry  wine? 

(bay-bay-rali)  (cos-tay-th)  (vee-no)  (day)  (her-eth) 

bebera  ella  la  leche  hervida?=will  she  drink  the  boiled  milk  ? 

(bay-bay-rah)  (ayl-lya)  (la)  (lay-tchay)  (er-vee-dah) 

foeberemos  nosotros  la  cerveza  importada?=shall  we  drink 

(bay-bay-ray-mos)  (noh-soh-tros)  (la)  (ther-veth-ah)  (ini-por-tah-da) 

the  imported  beer? 
beberan  ellos  mucho?=will  they  drink  much? 

(bay-bay-rahn)  (ayl-lyos)  (moo-tcho) 

beberan  ellas  poco?=will  they  drink  a  little  ? 

(bay-bay-rahn)  (ayl-lyas)  (poh-ko) 


PASADO=Past 

(pah-sah-doh) 

vend-er=to  sell;     vendiendo=selling ;     vendido=sold 

(Ten-der)  (ren-dee-en-do)  (Ten-dee-do) 

yo  vend-i  productos  importados==I  sold  imported  products 

(yob.)   (ven-dee')   (pro-dooc-tos)   (im-por-tah-dos) 

usted  vend-io  joyas  antignas^you  sold  old  jewelry 

(oos-tay-th)  (ven-dee-oh)  (ho- jabs)  (an-tee-guas) 

el  vend-io  sombreros  y  zapatos=he  sold  hats  and  shoes 

(ell)  (Ten-dee-oh)  (som-brer-os)  (ee)  (thah-pah-tos) 

ella  vend-io  juguetes=she  sold  toys 

(ayl-lya)  (Ten-dee-oh)  (hoo-gay-tays) 

nosotros  vend-imos  sedas  y  panos=we  sold  silk  and  cloths 

(noh-soh-troa)  (Ten-dee-mos)  (say-dahs)  (ee)  (pan-nyos) 

ustedes  vend-ieron  maquinaria=you  sold  machinery 

(oos-tay-des)  (Ten-de-ay-ron)  (mak-kee-nar-ee-ah) 

ellos  vend-ieron   camisas   y   cuellos=they   sold   shirts   and 

(ayl-lyos)  (Ten-de-ay-ron)  (cah-mee-sahs)  (ee)  (coo-el'-lyos) 

collars 
ellas  vend-ieron  perfumes  y  jabones=they  sold  perfumes  and 

(ayl-lyas)  (Ten-de-ay-ron)  (per-foo-mays  (ee)  (hah-bon-es) 

soaps. 

28 


FORMA  COLOQUIAL=Conversational  form. 

(for- mail)  (co-lo-ke-al) 

vendio  pan  el  panadero?=did  the  baker  sell  bread? 

(ven-uee-o')(pan)   (ell)   (pah-nah-der'o) 

si  senor;  el  panadero  vendi6  pan=yes,  the  baker  sold  bread. 

(see)  (say-nyor)  (ell)  (pah-nah-der'o)  (ven-dee-o')  (pan) 

donde  vendio  ella  gnantes  y  corbatas?= where  did  she  sell 

(don-day)  (ven-dee-oh)  (ayl-lya)  (goo-an-tays)  (ee)  (cor-bah-tas) 

gloves  and  neck-ties? 
ella  vendio  guantes  y  corbatas  en  la  camiseria=she  sold 

(ayl-lya)  (ven-dee-oh)  (goo-an-tays)  (ee)  (cor-bah-tas)  (en)  (la)  (cah-mi-say-ree-a) 

gloves  and  neck-ties  in  the  haberdashery, 
donde  vendio  el  plumas  y  tinta?=where  did  he  sell  pens  and 

<don-day)  (ven-dee-oh)  (ell)  (ploo-mas)  (ee)  (tin-tab) 

ink? 
el  vendio  plumas  y  tinta  en  la  papeleria=he  sold  pens  and 

(ell)  (ven-dee-ho)  (ploo-mas)  (ee)  (tln-tah)  (en)  (la)  (pah-pay-lay-ree-ah) 

ink  in  the  stationery  store, 
quien  vendio  relojes?=who  sold  watches? 

(ke-en)  (ven-dee-oh)  (ray-lo-hes) 

el  relojero  vendio  relojes — the  watch-maker  sold  watches. 

(ayl)  (ray-lo-her'o)  (ven-dee-oh)  (ray-lo-hes) 

vendieron  ellos  tabaco  y  pipas?=did  they  sell  tobacco  and 

(ven-de-ay-ron)  (ayl-lyos)  (tah-bah-co)  (ee)  ( pec-pas) 

pipes? 
si  senor;  ellos  vendieron  tabaco,  pipas,  papel  de  fumar  y 

(see)  (say-nyor)  (ayl-lyoa)  (ven-de-ay-ron)  (tah-bah-co)  (pee-pas)  (pah-pel)  (day)     (foo-mar)     (eel 

cerillas=yes    sir,    they    sold    tobacco,    pipes,    cigarette 

(thay-reel-lyas) 

paper,  and  matches, 
vendieron  ellas  ropa.  blanca?=did  they  sell  linen? 

(ven-de-ay-ron)  (ayl-lyas)  (roe1 -pah)  (blan-cah) 

si  senor;  ellas  vendieron  camisas  y  medias=yes,  sir,  they 

(see)  (say-nyor)  (ayl-lyas)  (ven-de-ay-ron)  (cah-mee-sas)  (e«)  (may-dee-as) 

sold  shirts  and  stockings. 

The  following  are  the  most  important  verbs  of  the  second 
conjugation.  The  student  will  employ  them  in  composing 
sentences  for  practice,  using  as  models  the  sentences  already 
given  under  the  head  of  Present,  Past,  and  Future. 

acceder=to  accede  anteceder=to  forego 

(ac-theh-der)  (an-tay-the-der) 

acoger=to  receive  aprender=to  learn 

(ah-co-her)  (ah-pren-dcr) 

29 


ceder=to  yield 

(the-der) 

barrer=to  sweep 

(bar-rer) 

cometer=to  commit 

(co-may-ter) 

comprender=to  understand 

(com-pren-der) 

conceder=to  grant 

(con-thay-der) 

convencer=to  convince 

(con-Yen-ther) 

correr=to  run 

(cor-rer) 

corresponder=to  correspond 

(cor-res-pon-der) 

coser=to  sew 

(co-ser) 

deber=to  owe 

(day-ber) 

depender=to  depend 

(day-pen-der) 

descoser=to  rip 

(des-co-ser) 

ejercer=to  perform 

(ay-her-ther) 

emprender=to  undertake 

(em-pren-der) 

encoger=to  shrink 

(en-co-her) 

escoger=to  choose 

(es-co-her) 

esconder=to  conceal 

(es-con-der) 

exceder=to  exceed 

(eka-thay-der) 

expeler=to  expel 

(eks-pel-er) 

interceder=to  intercede 

(ln-ter-thay-der) 

lamer=to  lick 

(lah-mer) 

malvender=to  sell  at  a 

(msl-ven-der) 

sacrifice 


mecer=to  swing 

(meth-er) 

meter=to  put  in 

(may-ter) 

ofender=to  offend 

(of-en-der) 

pender=to  hang 

(pen-der) 

precaver=to  prevent 

(pray-cah-ver) 

preceder=to  precede 

(pray-thay-der) 

pretender=to  pretend 

(pray-ten-der) 

prometer=to  promise 

(pro-may-ter) 

proteger=to  protect 

(protay-her) 

recoger=to  pick  up 

(ray-co-her) 

recorrer=to  run  over 

(ray-cor-rer) 

retroceder=to  retrograde 

(ray-troth-ay-dir) 

romper=to  break 

(rom-per) 

socorrer=to  succour 

(so-cor-rer) 

someter=to  submit 

(so-mey-ter) 

sorber=to  sip 

(sor-ber) 

sorprender=to  surprise 

(sor-pren-der) 

tejer=to  weave 

(tay-ber) 

temer=to  fear 

(tay-mer) 

toser=to  cough 

(tos-ser) 

vencer=to  vanquish! 

<?en-ther) 

vender=to  sell 

(?en-der) 


30 


EL  ADVERBIO=-The  Adverb. 

<ayl)       (ad-Ter-bt-cb.) 

An  adverb  is  a  word  used  to  modify  the  meaning  of  a 
verb,  an  adjective  or  other1  adverb.  Adverbs  are  classified  as 
adverbs  of  time,  place,  manner,  ^quantity,  comparison,  affir- 
mation, negation,  and  doubt. 

Adverbios  de  tiempo:  hoy,  today;  ayer,  yesterday;  ante- 

(ad-Ter-be-oi)   (day)  (te-em-poh)  (oh-ee)  (ab-jer)  (an-Uy 

ayer,  day  before  yesterday;  manana,  to-morrow;  ahora,  now; 

tb-jcr)  (m»h-njih-nah)  Uh-oh-rah) 

antes,  before;  despues,  after;  luego,  presently;  tarde,  late; 

(an-tes)  (des-poo-es)  (loo-ay-gob)  (tar-day) 

temprano,   early;   pronto,   soon;   siempre,   always;   nunca, 

(tem-prab-nob)  (pron-toh)  Ue-em-pray)  (nooo-kab) 

never ;  ya,  already ;  mientras,  while ;  aun,  yet ;  todavia,  still. 

(jab)  (me-en-trai)  (ab-oon)  (to-da-va-ab) 

Adverbios  dc  lugar:  aqui,  here;  ahi,  there;  alii,  there 

(ad-m-be-oi)    (day)  (loo-gar)    (ab-ke«)  (ab-ee)  (al-lyec) 

(far)  yonder;  cerca,  near;  lejos,  far;  donde,  where;  adonde, 

(cer-kab)  (lay-bo*)  (don-day)  (ab-doa-day) 

to  where ;  enfrente,  in  front,  opposite ;  dentro,  within ;  f uera, 

(«D-fren-tay)  (den-trob)  (foo-ay-rah) 

outside;  arriba,  above;  aba  jo,  below;  delante,  before;detras, 

(ar-rce-bab)  (ab-bab-bob)  (day-lau-taj)  (day-irw) 

behind;  encima,  above,  over. 

(CD-thM-mab) 

Adverbios  de  modo:  bien,  good,  well;  mal,  badly;  como, 

(ad-Ter-be-oi)  (day)  (mob-dob)  (be-ayn)  (mal)  (cob-mob) 

how ;  cual,  as ;  asi,  so ;  recio,  strongly ;  duro,  hard ;  despacio, 

Uoo-al)          (ab-ece)        (ray-tbee-ob)  (doo-rob)  (det-pk-tbee-ob) 

slowly;  alto,  loud;  bajo,  softly;  excepto,  except. 

(al-tob>  (ba-hoh)  (eks-thayp-toe) 

Adverbios  de  cantidad :  mucho,  much ;  poco,  little ;  muy, 

(ad-rer-be-oa)   (day)    (eao-te-dad)      (moo-tcbo)  (pob-coc)  (moo-ee) 

very;   casi,   almost;  bastante,   sufficient;   tanto,   so   much; 

(kab-eee)  (bai-tao-tay)  (l&n-toc) 

cuanto,  how  much ;  nada,  nothing. 

(koo-aa-tM)  (nab-dab) 

31 


Adverbios  de  comparacion:  mas,  more;  menos,  less; 

(ad-ver-be-oi)     (day)   (com-paii-rah-the»-on)     (mu)  (mw-aoi) 

mejor,  better;  peor,  worse, 

(may-bar)  (pay-or) 

Adverbios  de  afirmacion:  si,  yes;  cierto,  surely;  tambien, 

(ad-Tsr-be-os)   (day)(*h-fs«r-mab-tbion)(«e«)  (tbec-w-toh)  (tam-bt-sa) 

also,  too. 

Adverbios  de  negacion;  no,  no;  nunca,  never;  tampoco, 

(ad-rer-be-os)  (day)  (nay-gab-thee-on)  (nob)  (noon-kab)  (tam-poh-coh) 

neither. 

Adverbios  de  duda:  acaso,  by  chance;  quiza,  perhaps. 

(ad-ver-be-os)  (day)  (doo-dab)  (ah-kab-sob)  (kee-tbab) 

Adverb?  are  also  formed  in  Spanish  by  adding  the  ter- 
mination mente  to  an  adjective. 

(meu-tay) 

Alegre,  merry;  alegremente,  merrily,  lively;  libre,  free; 

(ah-lay-gray)  (ah-lay-grey-men-tay)  (le-bray) 

libremente,  freely;  feliz,  happy;  felizmente,  happily;  fuerte, 

(1»-  bray-  men-  tay)  (fay-leeth)  (faj-lttUi-meu-taj)  ((oo-er-taj 

strong;    fuertemente,    strongly;    sabio,    wise;    sabiamente, 

(foo-«r-tar-ment«)  (iah-b«-oh)  (*ab-be-ab-m*n-ta7) 

wisely. 

Examples  of  phrases  in  which  the  adverb  modifies  the 
meaning  of  a  verb:  hablar  bien,  to  speak   well;  acabar 

(ah-blar)   (bee-ayn)  (ah-kah-bar) 

pronto,  to  finish  soon ;  adelantar  mucho,  to  advance  consider- 

(pron-tob)  (ah-daj-l»n-urj  (moo-tcbob) 

ably. 

Examples  of  phrases  in  which  the  adverb  modifies  the 
meaning  of  an  adjective:  muy  bonito,  very  pretty;  siempre 

(moo-ee)  (boh-nw-teb)  dwenj-ptay) 

grande,  always  great 

(Iran-day) 

Examples  of  phrases  in  which  adverbs  modify  the  mean- 
ing of  other  adverbs:  demasiado  tarde,  too  late;  bastante 

(day-mah-iee-ab-dob)  (tar-day)  (bai-taa-laj) 

bien,  quite  well ;  muy  mal,  very  badly. 

(b««-ayn)  (meo-*e)  (mal) 

32 


JUEVES=Thiirsday 

(hoo-ay'-res) 

COLORES=Colours 

(co-lob-rti) 

Blanco=white  Azul  marine =marine  blue 

(blan-cob)  (ath-ool)(  mar-re-no) 

Negro=black  Azul  celeste=sky  blue 

(naj-gro)  (ath-oolj  (tbel-ea-Uy) 

Rojo=red  Verde  claro==light  green 

(roh-ho)  (?er-day) (clah-ro) 

Amarillo=yellow  Verde  oscuro=dark  green 

(ah-mar-il-lyo)  (ver-day)   (os-coo-ro) 

Violeta= violet  Morado3 royal  purple 

(Vi-o-lay-tah)  (mor-ah  doh) 

Gris=grey  Purpura=purple 

(greei)  (poor-poor-ah) 

Pardo=brown  Bosa=rose . 

(par-dob)  (roh-sab) 

DINERO  ESPANOL=Spanish  money 

(dee-n»y-roh)         (es-pan-yol) 

Plata=Silver 

(plab-tah) 

un  duro  (un  peso)=a  dollar 

(oon) (doo-ro)      (oon) (pay-soh) 

5  pesetas=a  dollar  (coin)  1  peseta=twenty  cents 

(pc(-iay-tai)  (pes-say-tih) 

2  pesetas=forty  cents  y%  peseta=ten  cents 

(pM-wtu)  (may-dee-ah)  (pw-saj-ta) 

Cobre=.Copper 

(co-bray) 

10  centimos  (perro  grande)=2  cents 

(tbcn-te-mot)      (per-ro)     (gran-day) 

5  centimos  (perro  chico)=l  centavo=l  cent. 

(vben-ti-mos)       (per-ro)       (chi-co)  (tbayn-tab-Tob) 

Billetes  del  Banco  de  Espana=Spanish  bank-notes 

(bll-lieb-tes)   (del)  (ban-cob)  (day)  (ee-pan-ya) 

1.000  pesetas=$200.00  50  pesetas=$10.00 

(pes-say-tas)  (pea-say-tas) 

500  pesetas=$100.00  25  pesetas=  $5.00 

(pes-say-tas)  (p«-aay-tai) 

100  pesetas=  $20.00 

(pei-w-tas) 

33 


Oro=Gold 

(or-o) 

Moneda  antigua=01d  coinage 

(mo-nay-dah)   (an-tee-guah) 

onza=$16.00;      y2  <mza=$8.00;     1  centen=$4.00 


(cn-thah) 


(may-de-ah)    (on-thab) 


Tipo  moderno=New  coinage 

(tee-po)    (mo-der-no) 

100  pesetas=$20.00;  50  pesetas=$10.00 ;  25  pesetas=$5.00 

(pes-say-tas)  (pes-say-tas)  (pea-aay-tas) 

VERBOS  REGULARES=Regular  verbs 

(ver-bos)  (ray-goo-la-res) 

The  root  does  not  change.     In  the  third  conjugation  for 
the  present,  past,  and  future  tense  the  termination  of 
the  first  person  singular,  present  is  o;  past  i;  future  ire 
"  third    "  e;     "  io;     "      ira 

"  first      "        plural,         "      imos;  "imos;"     iremos 
"  third    "  "  "       en;   "ieron;"     iran 

For  example: 
Part-ir=to  leave,  to  part;  partiendo=leaving ;  partido=left 

(par-tir)  (par-tee-en-do)  (par-tee-do) 

PRESENTE=present  (indicative  mood) 

(praj-wn-tay) 

Singular 
Yo  parto=I  leave 

(job)  (par-toh) 


nsted 

(oos-tay-th) 

'you  leave 

(ell) 

ella 

(a>l-lya)       * 

part-e=    . 

par-tay) 

he      I 

r  leaves 
she     J 

Plural 
nosotros  part-imos==we  leave 

(noh-»oh-tros)     (par-tee-moa) 


leave 


nstedes  ^ 

'you 

(oos-tay-dea) 

ellos 

part-en= 

they 

(ayl-lyof) 

(par-ten) 

ell  as 

they 

(Wl-UTM)        * 

^         •* 

34 


PASADO=Past 

(pah-sah-doh) 


Singular 
Yo  part-i=I  left 

<yoh)   (par-tee) 


usted 

(oos-tay-th) 

el 

(ell) 

ella 

(ayl-lja) 


>part-io= 

(par-tee-oh) 


you 

he 

she 


left 


Plural 
nosotros  part-imos=we  left 


(noh-soh-troi>      (par-tee-mos) 


•ustedes 

(oos -lay -dei) 

ellos 

<»yl-ljo<0 

ellas 


.part-ieron= . 

(par-tee-ayron) 


you 

they 
they 


left 


FUTURO=Future 

(f  oo- too- rob) 

Singular 
Yo  part-ire=I  will  or  shall  leave 

(yoh)  (par-ue-ray) 

usted 


(ooi-uy-th) 

el 

(•ID 

eUa 

(ayl-lya) 


part-ira= 

(p»r-t««-r»h) 


you 

he 

she 


shall  or  will  leave 


Plural 
Nosotros  part-iremos=we  shall  leave 


(noh-soh-trof )      (par-tee-ray-mm) 


ustedes 

(oos-tay-des) 

ellos 

(ayl-lyoi) 

ellas 

(ayl-lya») 


part-iran= 

(par-tee-rahn) 


you 

they 

they 


shall  or  will  leave 


This  verb  will  serve  as  a  model  for  the  present,  past,  and 
future  tenses  of  all  the  regular  verbs  of  the  third  conju- 
gation. 

35 


PARTE  PRACTICA=Practical  part 

(par-lay)  (prac-te-cah) 

abrir=to  open;        abriendo=opening;        abierto=opened. 

(ah-brir)  (ah-broe-en-do)  (ah-be-er-to) 

yo  abro  la  puerta=I  open  the  door. 

(yoh)  (ab-bro)  (lah)  (poo-«r-lah) 

usted  abre  la  ventana=you  open  the  window. 

(oos-tay-th)  (ah-bray)  (lah)  (ven-tah-nah) 

el  abre  el  cajon=he  opens  the  drawer. 

(ell)  (ah-bray)  (ayl)  (cah-lion) 

ella  abre  el  libro=she  opens  the  book. 

(ayl-lya)  (ah-bray)  (ayl)  (lee-bro) 

nosotros  abrimos  la  caja=we  open  the  box. 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ah-bre-mos)  (lah)  (cah-hah) 

ustedes  abren  el  baul=you  open  the  trunk. 

(ooa-tay-des)  (ah-brayn)  (ayl)  (bah-ool) 

ellos  abren  la  maleta=they  open  the  suit  case. 

(ayl-lyos)  (ah-brayn)  (la)  (mab-lay-tah) 

ellas  abren  la  cartera=they  open  the  pocketbook. 

(avl-lyas)  (ah-brayn)  (lab)  (car-tay-rah) 


FORMA  COLOQUIAL=Conversational  form. 

(for-mah)  (coh-lo-auee-al) 

a  que  hora  abre  usted  la  oficina?=at  what  hour  do  you  open 

(ah)  (kay)  (ho-rah)  (ah-bre)  (ooa-tay-th)  (lah)  (o-foe-thee-nah) 

the  office? 
yo  abro  la  oficina  a  las  nueve=I  open  the  office  at  nine 

(yo)  (ah-bro)  (lah)  (o-fee-thea-nah)  (ah)  (labs)  (noo-ay-vay) 

o  'clock. 
cuando  abre  el  la  caja=when  does  he  open  the  safe  ? 

(coo-an-do)  (ah-bray)  (ell)  (lah)  (kah-hah) 

el  abre  la  caja  cuando  saca  6  mete  dinero=he  opens  the  safe 

(•11)  (ah-bray)  (lah)  (kah-hah)  (coo-an-do)  (sah-cah)  (oh)  (may-lay)  (dee-nay-ro) 

when  he  takes  out  or  puts  in  money. 
con  que  abre  ella  la  puerta?=with  what  does  she  open  the 

(con)  (kay)  (ah-bray)  (ayl-lya)  (lah)  (poo-er-Uh) 

door? 
ella  abre  la  puerta  con  la  llave=she  opens  the  door  with  the 

(ayl-lya)  (ah-bray)  (lah)  (poo-er-tah)  (con)  (lah)  U-lya-T0* 

key. 
porque  abren  ellos  las  portezuelas  de  los  automoviles?=why 

(por-kay)  (ah-brayn)  (ayl-lyos)  (lahs)  (poor-lay-lhoo-ay-las)  (day)  (los)  (ah-oo-lo-mo-ve-layi) 

do  they  open  the  doors  of  the  automobiles? 

36 


ellos  abren  las  portezuelas  para  que  suban  las  senoras  & 

(ayl-lyos)  (ah-brayn)  (lahs)  (por-tay-Uioo-ay-las)  (pah-rah)  (kay)  (aoo-ban)  (las)  (say-nyo-ras)  (ah) 

los   automoviles=They  open  them  in  order  that  the 

(los)  (ah-oo-to-mo-Te-lays) 

ladies  may  enter  the  automobiles. 
escribir=to  write;  escribiendo= writing;  escrito= written. 

(es-cree-beer)  (es-cree-bee-ayn-do)  (es-cree-to) 

PASADO=Past. 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  escribi  cartas=I  wrote  letters. 

(yoh)  (es-cree-bee)  (kar-tas) 

usted  escribio  novelas=you  wrote  novels. 

(oos-tay-th)  (es-cree-bee- oh)  (no-vay-las) 

el  escribio  articulos=he  wrote  articles. 

(ell)  (es-cree-bee-oh)  (ar-tee-coo-los) 

ella  escribio  notas=she  wrote  notes. 

(ayl-lya)  (es-cree-bee-oh)  (no-tas) 

nosotros  escribimos  con  pluma  y  tinta=we  wrote  with  pen 

(noh-soh-tros)  (es-cree-bee-mos)  (con)  (ploo-mah)  (ee)  (teen-tah) 

and  ink. 
ellos  escribieron  con  yeso=they  wrote  with  chalk. 

(ayl-lyos)  (es-cree-bee- ay-ron)  (con)  (jes-so) 

ustedes  escribieron  con  lapiz=you  wrote  with  a  pencil. 

(ocs- lay-days)  (es-cree-bee-ay-ron)  (con)  (lah-peeth) 

ellas  escribieron  con  maquina  de  escribir=they  wrote  with  a 

(ayl-lyas)  (es-cree-bee-ay-ron)  (con)  (mah-ke-nah)  (day)  (68-cree-beer) 

typewriter. 

FORMA  INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative  form. 

(for-mah)  (In-ter-ro-gah-tee-vah) 

escribio  usted  cartas  comerciales?=did  you  write  business 

(ei-cree-bee-oh)  (oog-tay-th)  (car-tas)  (co-mays-thee-ah-lei) 

letters  ? 
escribio  ella  en  ingles?=did  she  write  in  English? 

(t_-ciee-bee-oh)  (ayl-lyah)  (en)  (in-gles) 

escribieron  ellos  a  Rusia?=did  they  write  to  Russia? 

(es-cree-bee-ay-ron)  (ayl-lyos)  (ah)  (roo-see-ah) 

escribieron  ellas  a  sus  familias?=did  they  write  to  their 

(es-cree-bee-ay-ron)  (ayl-lyas)  (ah)  (soos)  (fah-mee-lee-as) 

families? 
escribieron  ustedes  mucho?=did  you  write  much? 

(es-cree-bee-ay-ron)  (oos-tay-days)  (moo-tcho) 

recibir=to  receive;  recibiendo=receiving ;  recibido=receiv- 

(reth-e-beer)  (reth-ebee-ayn-do)  iretti-e-bea-do) 

ed. 

37 


FOTTJRO=Future. 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  recibire  telegrams=I  shall  receive  telegrams. 

(yoh)  (rett-e-bee-ray)  (tay-lay-graa-mas) 

listed  recibira  noticias=you  will  receive  news. 

(oos-iay-th)  (reth-e-bee-rah)  (no-tee-thee-as) 

el  recibira  mucha  correspondencia=he  will  receive  much 

(ell)  i  reth-e-bee-rah)  (moo- tchah)  (cor- rea-pon-dayn-thee-ah) 

correspondence, 
ella  recibira  regales — she  will  receive  presents. 

(ayl-lya)  (retu-e- bee-ran)  (ray-gah-los) 

nosotros  recibiremos  una  sorpresa=we  will  receive  a  sur- 

(noh-soh-tros)  (reth-e-bee-ray-mos)  (oo-nah)  (sor-pray-sah) 

prise, 
•nstedes  recibiran  dinero=you  will  receive  money. 

(ooa-tay-days)  (reth-e- bee-ran)  (dee-nay-roh) 

ellos  recibiran  honores=they  shall  receive  honors. 

(ayl-lyos)  (reth-e- bee- ran)  (oh -nob. -rays) 

ellas  recebiran  libros  por  correo=they  will  receive  books  by 

(ayl-lyas)  (reth-e-bee-ran)  (lee-bros)  (por)  (cor-ray-o) 

mail. 

FORMA  COLOQUIAL=Conversational  form 

(fd-aiah)  (coh-loh-ke-al) 

recibira  usted  giros  por  cable?=will  you  receive  drafts  by 

(reth-e-bee-rah)  (oos-Uy-th)  (bee- roe)  (por)  (cah-blay) 

cable? 
gi  senor;  yo  recibire  giros  por  cable=yes,  indeed,  I  shall 

<see)  (say-nyor)  (yoh)  (reth-e- bee-ray)  (hee-ros)  (por)  (cah-blay) 

receive  drafts  by  cable, 
recibira  el  la  carta  antes  del  22?==will  he  receive  the  letter 

(reth-e- bee-rah)  (ell)  (lab)  (car-tab)  (an-tays)  (dayl)  (yay-een-tee-dos) 

before  the  22d? 
si  senor;  el  recibira  la  carta  con  segnridad  antes  de 

(•ee)  (say-nyor)  (ell)  (reth-e-bee-rah)  (lah)  (car-tab)  (con)  (say-goo- ree-dath)  (ahn-tays)  (day) 

esa  fecha=yes,  indeed,  he  will  certainly  receive  the 

( ay-sab)  (fay-tch»h) 

letter  before  that  date, 
recibira  ella  su  equipaje  en  el  tren  expreso?=will  she  re- 

( reth-e- bee- rah)  (ayl-lya)  (soo)  (ay-ke-pah-he)  (ayn)  (ayl)  ( trayn)  (ayx-prayso) 

ceive  her  baggage  by  the  express  train? 
no  senor;  ella  recibira  su  equipaje  manana  en  el  tren  correo= 

'.nob)  (say-nyor)  (ayl-lya)  (reth-e- b««- rah)  (soo)  (ay-ke-pah-hay)  (man-yai-uah)  (any)  (ayl)  (trayn) 

(cor-ray-oh) 


no,  she  will  receive  her  baggage  tomorrow  by  the  mail 
train. 

recibiremos   nosotros   dinero   Argentine ?= will  we   receive 

(reth-e-bee-ray-mos)  (nos-oh-tros)  (de-nay-rob)  (ar-hayn-te-no) 

Argentine  money? 
no  senor,  yo  creo  que  recibiremos  dinero  espanol=no,  I, 

(null)  (say-nyor)  (yoh)  (cray-oh)  (kay)  (reth-e-beeray-mos)  (dee-nay-roh)  (es-pan-yol) 

think  that  we  shall  receive  Spanish  money, 
recibiran  ellos  pronto  la  mercancia  enviada  por  vapor?= 

(reth-e-bee-ran)  (ayl-lyos)  (pron-toh)  (lah)  (mer-can-thee-ah)  (ayn-ve-ah-dah)  (por)  (vah-por) 

will  they  receive  promptly  the  merchandise   sent  by 
steamer  ? 

no,  yo  creo  que  recibiran  antes  la  mandada  por  tren=no,  I 

(noli)  (yoh)  (crey-oh)  (bay)  (reth-e-bee-ran)  (an-tays)  (lah)  (man-dah-dah)  (por)  (tram) 

think  that  they  will  receive  first  that  sent  by  train. 

The  most  important  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation 
which  the  student  will  use  in  exercises  in  the  same  way  as 
those  found  under  abrir=to  open,  escribir=to  write,  and 

(ah-brir)  (ee-crl-bee) 

recibir=to  receive,  are: 

(retl,-e-beer) 


acudir=to  assist 

(a-coo-dlr) 

admitir=to  admit 

(ad-mee-tir) 

aludir=to  allude 

(ah-loo-dir) 

anadir=to  add 

(ah-nyah-dlr) 

apercibir=to  warn 

(au-payr-thee-bir) 

aplaudir=to  applaud 

(ah-pla-oo-dir) 

batir=to  beat 

(bab-tli) 

combatir=to  fight 

(com-bah-tir) 

comprimir=to  compress 

(com-pree-mir) 

concurrir==to  concur 

(con-coor-rii) 


definir=to  define 

(day-fee-nlr) 

descubrir=to  discover 

(days-coo-brlr) 

dirigir=to  direct 

(dee-ree-heer) 

discurrir=to  think 

(dls-coor-rir) 

discutir==to   discuss 

(dis-coo-tlr) 

dividir=to  divide 

(dl-rt-dlr) 

eludir=to  elude 

(ay-loo-dlr) 

emitir=to  emit 

(ay-mee-tlr) 

exhibir=to  exhibit 

(eks-e-blr) 

exigir=to  exact 

(ete-e-hir) 


39 


confundir=to  confound  existir=to  exist 

(con-foon-dlr)  (eks-ls-tir) 

consumir=to  consume  imprimir=to  print 

(con-soo-mir)  (Im-pre-mlr) 

decidir=to  decide  insistir=to  insist 

(day-thee-dir)  (in-sls-tlr) 

interrumpir=to  interrupt        repartir=to  distribute 

(in-ter-room-pir)  (ray-par-tir) 

invadir=to  invade  resistir=to  resist 

(ln-vah-dlr)  (ray-sls-tlr) 

omitir=to  omit  reunir=to  reunite 

(o-me-Ur)  (ray-oo-nir) 

percibir=to  perceive  subir=to  go  up 

(per-thee-bir)  (soo-blr) 

permitir=to  permit  unir=to  unite 

(per-mee-tir)  (oo-nlr) 

prohibir=to  prohibit  vivir=to  live 

(pro-e-bir)  (vee-veer) 

IMPERFECTO=Imperfect 

(eem-per-fec-toh) 

The  imperfect  tense  of  the  verb  expresses  continual  or 
habitual  past  action.  It  is  formed,  in  the  first  conjugation, 
by  adding  to  the  root  of  the  verb  the  endings  aba,  for  the 
first  and  third  person  singular,  abamos,  for  the  first  person 
plural  and  aban,  for  the  third  person  plural.  In  the  second 
and  third  conjugations  it  is  formed  by  adding  ia,  for  the 
first  and  third  person  singular,  iamos  for  the  first  person 
plural  and  ian,  for  the  third  person  plural.  Example: 

Rrst  conjugation;  Second  conjugation;         Third  conjugation 

yo  amaba;  comia;  partia 

(yoh)  (ah-mah-bah)  (com-e-ah)  (par-tee-ah) 

rated 

<ooa-tay-th) 

amaba ;  comia ;  partia 

(ah-mah-bah)  (com-e-ah)  (par-tee-ah) 


amabamos ;         comiamos ;          part  iamos 


(ell) 

eUa 

(ayl-lja) 

nosotros 

(Doh-soh-troB)         (ah-mah-bali-mos)  (com-e-ali-mos)  Tpar-tee-ah-mos) 

ustedes 

(oos-tay-days) 

nmaban;  comian;  partian 

(ah-mah-ban)  (com-e-an)  (par-tee-an) 


ellos 

(ayl-lyos) 

ellas 

(ayl-lyaa) 

I  was  loving,  eating,  leaving,  etc.  or  used  to  love,  eat, 
leave,  etc. 

40 


NOMBRES  COLECrnVOS=Collective  nouns 

(nom-brei)  (coh-lajtli-te«-vos) 


par=pair 

(par) 

pareja=couple 

(pah-ray-bab) 

decena=ten 

(day-th  ay-nab) 

docena=dozen 

(doh-th ay-nab) 

quincena=fortnigh.t 

(kii'n-tliay-nah) 


veintena=twenty 

(ray-een-tay-nah) 

cuarentena=forty 

(kco-ah-rayn-tay-nab) 

centenar=hundred 

(thayn-tay-nar) 

millar=thousand 

(meel-lyar) 

ambos=both 

(am-boi) 


mitad=half 

(mee-tath) 

1A  un  medio 

( oon)  ( may-de-oh) 

%  un  tercio 

(oon)  (tayr-thee-oh) 

J/4  un  cuarto 

(oon)  (koo-ar-toh) 

M  un  quinto 

( oon )( keen- toh) 

V&  un  sexto 

(oon) (sayx-toh) 

Vt  un  septimo 

(oon)  (sayp-tee-moh) 

%  un  octavo 

(oon)  (oc-tah-Toh) 


QUEBRADOS=Fractions 

(kay-btah-doi) 

%  un  noveno 

(oon)  (noh-Tiy-Doh) 

Ho  un  decimo 

(oon)  (day-tbee-mob) 

Mi  un  onceavo 

(oon)  (on-tbay-ah-voh) 

*Az  un  doceavo 

(oon)  (dob-thay-ab-Toh) 

Mooun  centesimo 

(oon)  (tnayn-tay-sec-moh) 

-1-  un  milesimo 

(oon)  (mee-lay-see-moh) 


(oon)  (mee-1-lyoh-nay-see-moh) 


EL  VESTIDO  Y  ADORNOS  DE  LA  MTJJER=The  clothing 

(ajl)        (TUi-t«e-do)     (ee)        (ab-dor-noi)      (da;)    (lab)     (moo-hajr) 

and  adornments  of  women 
ropa=clothing,   wearing  apparel;   vestido=dress ;   falda= 

(roh-pah)  (vaya-tee-doh)  (fal-dah) 

skirt;  blusa=blouse ;  cinturon=belt ;  cuello  de  encaje=lace 

(bloo-sah)  (theen-too-ron)  (koo-ay-1-lyoh)  (day)  (ayn-k*b-bay 

collar;  chaqueta= jacket ;  abrigo  de  pieles=fur  overcoat; 

(tchah-kar-tah)  (ab-bree-goh)  (day)  (pec-ay-leg) 

41 


sombrero=hat ;  zapatos=shoes ;  zapatos  de  charol=patent 

(som-tray-roh)  (thah-pah-tos)  (thah-pah-tos)  (day)  uchah-rol) 

leather  shoes ;  zapatos  de  tafilete=morocco  shoes ;  guantes= 

(thah-pah-tos)  (day)  (tah-fee-lay-tay)  (goo-an-tays) 

gloves;  panuelo  de  seda=silk  handkerchief;  cintas=ribbons ; 

(pah-nyoo-»y-lob)  (day)say-dah)  (theen-tai) 

lazos=bows;     manguito==muff;     sombrilla=parasol ;     pa- 

(lah-thod)  vtnan-gee-toh)  (Bom-bree-1-lyab.)  pah- 

ragTias=umbrella ;  alhajas=jewels ;  alfller  de  brillantes^dia- 

raJi-yoo-as)  (al-ah-lias)  (al-fee-lajr)(day)  (bree-1-lian-tays) 

mond  pin ;  collar  de  perlas=pearl  necklace ;  pendientes=ear 

(coh-l-lyar)  (day)  (payr-las)  (payn-dee-ayn-teg) 

rings;  sortija=ring ;  anillo=ring;  solitario=solitaire ;  pul- 

(sohr-tee-hah)  (ah-nee-1-lyoh)  (soh-lee-tah-ree-oh)  (pool- 

sera — bracelet;  diadema=diadem ;  reloj=watch;  cadena  de 

(say-rah)  (dee-ah-day-mah)  (ray-loh)  (kay-day-nahj  (day) 

oro==gold  chain,  abanico  de  nacar ^mother-of-pearl  fan; 

(ch-roh)  (ah-bah-nee-coh)  (day)  (nah-kar) 

peinetas    de    concha=tortoise-shell    comb;    horquilla=hair 

(pay-ee-nay-tas)(day)  (con-tchah)  (or-kee-1-lyah) 

pin;  mantilla=mantilla ;  gemelos  de  teatro=opera  glasses. 

(maa-tee-l-lyat)  (hay-may-los)  (daj-)  (tay-ab-trol») 


EL  TRAJE  DEL  HOMBRE=Men's  clothing. 

(ayl)    (trah-hay)       (dayl)         (om-bray) 

traje=suit  of  clothes;  saco=sack-coat ;  chaleco=  waistcoat ; 

(trah-hay)  (sah-coh)  (tchah-lay-coh) 

pantalones=trousers ;  chaque=cut-away  coat;  levita=frock 

(pan-tah-luh-nays)  (tcbab-kay)  llay-Tee-tah) 

coat;  traje  de  etiqueta=dress  suit;  traje  de  frac=evening 

(trah-bay)  (day)  (ay-tee-kay-tah)  (trah-hay)  (day)  (frabc) 

dress;  sombrero  de  copa=silk  hat;  sombrero  hongo=derby 

(som-bray-roh)  (day)  (cob-pah)  (som-bray-roh)     (on-gob) 

hat;  sombrero  de  paja=straw  hat;  gorra=cap;  corbata= 

(aom-bray-rob)   (day)(pah-hab)  (goh-r-rah)  (cor-bah-tah) 

neck  tie;  cuello=collar;  punos=cuffs;  camisa=shirt ;  boto- 

(koo-ay-l-lyo  (poo-nyos)  (kah-mee-sali)  (boh-toh- 

nadura=set  of  buttons;  calcetines=socks ;  zapatos=shoes ; 

oah-doo-rah)  (kal-thay-Ue-nays)  (thab-pah-tos) 

sobretodo=overcoat ;     impermeable=rain     coat;    baston=» 

(soli-bray-wh-do)  (eem-payr-may-ah-blay)  (baa-ton) 

walking  stick;  anteojos=eye  glasses;  gafas=spectacles. 

(an-tay-oh-ho*)  (gab-fas) 

42 


VIERNES=Friday 

(vl-er-nes) 

MEDIOS  DE  LOCOMOCION=Means  of  locomotion 

(m»y-dee-oB)    (day)       (lo-co-moth-e-on) 

Infinitive 
andar=to  walk;        pies=feet;  personas=persons 

(an-dar)  (pee-ays)  (per-soh-nas) 

correr=to  run;          patas=feet;  animales=animala 

(cor-rcr)  (pah-tas)  (ah-nee-mah-les) 

volar=to  fly;  alas=wings;  aves=birds 

(voh-lar)  (ah-las)  (ah-vays) 

nad.ar=to  swim;        aletas=fins;  peces=fish 

(nah-dar)  (ah-lay-tasj  (pay-tbayi) 

saltar=to  jump ;        saltamontes==locust ;  canguro==kangaroo 

(sal-tar)  (sal-tah-mon-tes)  (kan-goo-ro) 

trotar=to  trot;         caballos=horses ;       mulas=mules 

(troh-tar)  (cah-bah-1-lyos)  (mno-laa) 

arrastrar=to  creep ;  reptiles=reptiles        cuerpo=body; 

(fthr-ras-trw)  (rep-te-lea)  (ooo-er-poh) 

Transportaci6n= Transportation 

(trana-por-tahlb-e-on) 

coche=carriage  medas=wlieels 

(coh-tchay)  (roo-ay-das) 

automovil=automobil»  neumaticos=inflated  tires 

(ah-oo-to-moh-vll)  (nay-oo-mali-te-cos) 

tren=train  vagones= wagons 

(trayn)  (Tah-goh-nays) 

tranvia=tramcar  trole=trolley 

(tran-vi-ah)  (troh-lay) 

buqne=ship  mastiles=masts 

(boo-kay)  (mas-tee-lays) 

rapor^steamship  helice=propeller 

(tah-por)  (aylcth-ay)  "       •" 

bote=boat  timon=rudder 

(boh-toy)  (tee-mon) 

bicicleta=bicyele  pedales=pedals 

(be«-th-e-clay-tah)  (pay-dah-lays) 

motocicleta=motorcycle  freno=brake 

<ffiob-tohth-e-clay-tah)  (fray-nob) 

43 


areoplano=aeroplane  motor=engine 

(ah-ray-o-plah-noh)  (moh-tor) 

hidroplano=hydroplane  velas=sails 

(e-droh-plah-noh)  (ray-las) 

gasolina= gasoline  vapor=steam 

(gah-sol-e-nah)  (va-por) 

lccomotora=locomotive  remos=oars 

(loh-coh-moh-toh-rah)  (ray-mos) 

electricidad=electricity  pinon=gear- wheel 

(ay-layth-tree-Uiee-cUd)  (peen-nyon) 


NUMEROS  ORDINALES=Ordinal  numbers 

(noo-ruay-ros)  (or-dee-nah-lays) 

1°  primero=first  7°  septimo=seventh 

(pree-may-roh)  (sayp-tee-moh) 

2°  segrmdo=second  8°  octavo=eighth 

Uay-goon-doh  (oc-tah-voh) 

3°  tercero=third  9°  noveno=ninth 

(tayr-thaj-roh)  (no-way-noh) 

4°  cuarto=fourth  10°  decimo=tenth 

(coo-ar-toh)  day-thee-moh) 

5°  quinto=fifth  11°  undecimo=eleventh 

(ken-toh)  (oon-dayth-e-moh) 

6°  sexto=sixth  12°  duodecimo=twelfth 

(sajx-tob)  (doo-oh-dayth-e-moh) 

VERBOS  AUXILIARES=Auxiliary  verbs 

(ver-bohs)  (ah-ook-se-le-ar-ea) 

Ser=to  be;  estar=to  be 

Her)  (es-tar) 

The  verbs  "ser"  and  "estar"  are  equivalents  of  the 
English  verb  "to  be"  and  have  the  same  meaning.  They  must, 
however,  be  distinguished  carefully  in  their  use.  "Ser"  is 
employed  to  indicate  essence  or  qualities  which  are  inherent 
while  "estar"  serves  to  indicate  the  state,  condition  or  loca- 
tion of  the  subject. 

EJEMPLO=Example 

(aj-hem-plo) 

Yo  soy  espanol=I  am  Spanish  (inherent)' 

(yoh)  (aoh-ee)  (ay»-pahn-yol) 

Yo  estoy  en  America=I  am  in  America  (location) 

(yoh)  (nyi-tob-M)  («n)  (ah-may-rc«-c«h) 

44 


Usted  es  Americano=you  are  an  American  (inherent) 

(oos-tay-th)  (es)  (ah-may-ree-cah-no) 

Usted  esta  en  Nueva  York=you  are  in  New  York  (location) 

(oos-tayth)  (es-tah)  (en)  (noo-ay-vah)  (jork) 

Ser=to   be;   Siendo=being ;   Sido=been 

(ler)  (see-ayn-doh)  dee-dob) 


PRESENTE=Present 

(pr»y-«ayn-tay) 


Singular 

Yo  soy=I  am 

(yoh)  (soh-ee) 

usted     ' 

(oo»-t&yth) 

'you  are 

el 

(ell) 

<•*) 

he       1 

ella 

she 

Plural 
nosotros  somos=we  are 

(noh-Boh-tros)  (BO-moi) 


are 


ustedes    " 

'you  * 

(ooi-tay-days) 

ellos 

son= 

they 

•yl-lyoi) 

(son) 

ellas 

they 

PASADO=Past 

(pah-«ah-doh) 

Singular 


Yo  fui=I  was 

(yoh)  (foo-1) 

nsted     ' 

you  were 

(008-tWth) 

el 

fue= 

he      1 

MB 

(too-»y) 

Iwaa 

ella 

she 

(«7l-l7«)                                                              * 

45 


Plural 
nosotros  fuimos=we  were 

(noh-soh-tros)  (foo-e-rnos) 


were 


PUTURO=Future 

(foo-too-roh) 

Singular 
Yo  sere=I  will  or  shall  be 

(yob)  (lay-ray) 


ustedes    ' 

(oos-tay-days) 

ellos 

(ayl-lyos) 

ellas 

layl-lyai)         J 

fueron=»  . 

Jfoo-ay-ron) 

'you 
they 
they 

usted 

"you 

(oos-tayth) 

el 

(ell) 

.  sera= 

(say-rali) 

he 

will  or  shall  be 

eUa 

she 

Plural 

nosotros  seremos=we  will  or  shall  be 

itnoh-Boh-tros)  (say-ray-mos) 

ustedes    ' 

"you 

(ooa-  lay  -days) 

ellos 

(ayl-lyos) 

seran=  . 

(sty-ran) 

they 

will  or  shall  be 

ellas 

they 

PARTE  PRACTICA=Practical  part 

(par-toy)          (prac-te-cah) 

PRESENTE=Present 

(pray-iayn-tay) 

Yo  soy  abogado=I  am  a  lawyer. 

(yob)  (soli-ec)  (ab-bob-gah-doh) 

usted  es  medico=you  are  a  doctor 

(oo6-tayth)  (es)  (may-dee-co) 

el  es  ing>eniero==he  is  an  engineer 

(ell)  (es)  (en-hay-nee-ay-roh) 

ella  es  alta=she  is  tall 

(ayl-lya)(es)(al-tah) 

nosotros  somos  amigos=we  are  friends 

(so- mot)  (ah-mt>e-go>) 

46 


ustedes  son  fuertes=you  are  strong. 

(oos-tay-days)  (son)  (foo-ayr-tays) 

ellos  son  obreros— they  are  workmen. 

(ayl-lyos)  (son)  (oh-bray-ros) 

ellas  son  bonitas=they  are  pretty. 

(ayl-lyas)  (son)  (bob-nee- tas) 

FORMA  INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative  form. 

(for-ma.h)  (In-Ur-ro-gah-tee-vah) 

es  usted  europeo?=are  you  a  European? 

(es)  (oos-tayth)  (ay-oo-ro-pay-oh) 

quien  es  el  presidente  de  los  Estados  Unidos?=who  is  presi- 

(ke-ayn)  (es)  (ell)  (pray-see-dayn-tay)  (day)  (los)  (es-tab-dos)  (oo-nee-dos) 

dent  of  the  United  States? 
quien  es  el  rey  de  Espana?=who  is  king  of  Spain  T 

(ke-ayn)  (es)  (ell)  (ray-ee)  (day)  (es-pan-yab) 

es  Inglaterra  una  monarquia?=is  England  a  monarchy? 

(es)  (in-glah-ter-rah)  (oo-nab)  (mo-narke-ah) 

es  Cuba  una  republica?=is  Cuba  a  republic? 

(es)  (coo-bah)  (oo-nab)  (ray-poo-blee-cab) 

es  el  Canada  grande?=is  Canada  large? 

(es)  (ell)  (cah-nah-dab)  (gran-day) 

son  Rusia  y  Alemania  imperios?=are  Russia  and  Germany 

(son)  (roo-see-ah)  (ee)  (ah-lay-mah-ne-ah1  (im-pay-re-oe) 

empires  ? 

The  verb  "Ser"  is  compounded  with  a  past  participle  to 
form  the  passive  voice.  The  participle  must  agree  with  the 
subject  in  gender  and  number. 

EJEMPLOS=Examples 

(ay-baym-plos) 

usted  es  amado  por  su  hija=you  are  loved  by  your  daughter. 

(oos-tayth)  (es)  (ab-mah-doh)  (por)  (soo)  (ehah) 

el  es  respetado  por  todos=he  is  respected  by  everyone. 

(ell)  (es)  (rays-pay-tah-do)  (por)  (tob-dos) 

las  flores  son  compradas  por  el=the  flowers  are  bought  by 

(labs)  (flor-es)   (son)      (com-prab-daa)     (por)  (ell) 

him. 
ustedes  son  conocidos  en  los  negocios=you  are  known  in 

(oos-tay-days)  (son)  (coh-nob-thee-dos)  (ayn)  (los)  (nay-goth-e-os) 

business, 
ellos  son  vistos  a  grande  distancia=they  are  seen  at  a  great 

(ayl-lyos)  (son)  (vees-tos)  (ah)  (gran-day)  (dia-tan-thee-ah) 

distance. 

47 


(et-Ur) 


ellas  son  ovacionadas  en  el  Teatro=they  received  an  ovation 

(Wl-ljas)  (son)  (  oh-vah-thee-o-nadas)  (ayn)  (ell)  (  tay-ah-tro) 

in  the  theatre 
estar=to  be        estando=bemg        estado=been 

(es-tan-doh)  its-tah-doh) 

PRESENTE=Present 

(pray-sayn-tay) 

Singular 
Yo  estoy=I  am 

(yoh)  (es-toh-e) 


usted 

'  you  are 

ST 

esta=  . 

he     I 

(eU) 

(cs-tah) 

Us 

eUa 

she    J 

Plural 

nosotros  estamos=we  are 

(noh-soh-troa)    (es-tah-mos) 

ustedes 

'you  " 

(oos-tay-daya) 

ellos 

(ayl-ly<*) 

I-  estan=>  . 

(ea-tan) 

they 

are 

ellas 

they 

listed 

(ooi-Uyh) 

&. 


PASADO=Past 

(pab-sab-do) 

Singular 
Yo  estuve=I  was 

(yoh)  (es-too-vay  ) 

you  were 


estuvo= 


he 
she 


ella 

(ayl-lyah) 

Plural 
nosotros  estuvimos=we  were 

(noa-oh-troa)     (ea-too-re-moi) 

nstedes 

(oos-tay-dayi) 

ellos 

(ayl-ljos) 

ellas 


estuvieron= 

(«-too-re-ay-ron) 


you 

they 

they 


were 


48 


FUTURO=Future 

(foo-too-rohl 

Yo  estare=I  shall  be 

(yoh)(«-t«h-r«y) 


nsted 

(oo3-tayth) 

el 

(ell) 

eUa 

(ayl-lyah)      ' 

estara= 

(ea-tah-rab) 

'you   ' 
he 
she 

shall  or  will  be 


Plural 
nosotros  estaremos=we  shall  or  will  be 

(noh-eoh-troi)  (es-tab-ray-mos) 

nstedes    "j  fyou 

(oos-tay-dayB) 


ellos 

<»yi-lyos) 

ellas 

(ayl-lyai) 


estaran= 

(ei-tab-ran) 


they 
they 


shall  or  will  be 


PARTE  PRACTICA=Practical  part 

(par-U7)         (prac-te-cab) 

PRESENTE=Present 

(praj-B&jD-taj) 

yo  estoy  aqui==I  am  here 

77*Ji)(e«-toh-«)(»h-ke) 

nsted  esta  ahi==you  are  there  (near) 

(008-tayih)  (et-tah)  (ah-e) 

el  esta  alla=he  is  there  (far) 

(ell)  (et-tab)  (abl-lyab) 

nosotros  estamos  buenos=we  are  good 

(noh-sob-troe)  (ea-tah-mos)  (boo-ay-no3) 

ellos  estan  en  el  pnerto=they  are  in  the  harbour 

(ayl-lyos)  (ea-tan)  (ayn)  (ayl)  (poo-ayr-tob) 

ellas  estan  en  el  teatro=they  are  in  the  theatre 

(ayl-iyas)  (ea-Un)  (ayn)  (ayl)  (tay-ah-trob) 


PASADO=Past 

(pab-sab-dob) 

FORMA  COLOQUIAL=Conversational  form 

(for-mah)  (cob-lob-ke-M) 

estuvo  nsted  algnna  vez  en  Europa?=were  you  ever  in  Eu- 

(ei-too-Toh)  (ooa-taytb)  (al-goo-nab)  (vayth)  (ayn)  (ay-oo-roh-pab) 

rope? 

49 


si  senor;  yo  estuve  varias  veces  en  Espafia  Inglaterra  y 

(see)  (say-nyor)  (yo)  (estoo-vay)  (vah-re-ahs)  (vayth-ays)  (aj'n)  (es-pah-nyah)  (en-glah-tayr-ra)  (ee) 

Holanda=yes,  I  have  been  in  Spain,  England,  and  Hol- 

(ho-lan-dah) 

land,  several  times. 
estuvo  usted  ayer  con  mi  hermano?=were  yon  with  my 

(es-too-voh)  (oos-tayth)  (ah-jer)  (con)  (mee)  (er-mah-noh) 

brother  yesterday? 
no  senor;  yo  estuve  todo  el  dia  en  la  aduana=no,  I  passed 

(noh)  (say-nyor)  (yoh)  (es-too-vay)  (toh-doh)  (ayl)  (de-ah)  (ayn)  (lab)  (ah-dooah-nah) 

the  day  in  the  custom  house, 
estuvieron  ellos  elocuentes?=were  they  eloquent? 

(ea-too-ve-ay-ron)  (ayl-lyos)  (ay-loh-coo-ayn-tes) 

si;  ellos  estuvieron  colosales  con  la  palabra=yes ;  they  were 

(we)  (ayl-Iyos)  (es-too-ve-ay-ron)  (coh-loh-sah-lea)  (con)  (lab)  (pah-lah-brab) 

remarkable  in  oratory, 
estuvieron  ellas  en  coche?=were  they  in  the  carriage  ? 

(es-too-ve-ay-ron)  (ayl-lyas(ayn)  (coh-tchay) 

no  senor;  ellas  estuvieron  en  su  magnifico  automovil=no, 

(noh)  (say-nyor)  (ayl-lyas)  (es-too-veay-ron)  (ayn)  (soo)  (mag-ne-fe-coh)  (ah-oo-toh-mo-vel) 

they  were  in  their  elegant  automobile. 

Estar  enters  into  the  composition  of  those  compound 
tenses  which  have  the  progressive  form  or  are  formed  with 
the  aid  of  the  present  participle. 

The  present  participle  of  verbs  which  end  in  ar  in  the 
infinitive  take  the  termination  ando. 

Verbs  whose  infinitive  end  in  er  or  ir  form  their  present 
participle  by  adding  iendo  to  the  root. 

EJEMPLOS=Examples. 

( ay-hay  m-ploa) 

yo  estoy  hablando=I  am  talking. 

(yoh)  (es-toh-e)  (ali-blan-do) 

usted  esta  viendo=you  are  seeing. 

(oos-tayth)  (estah)  (ve-ayn-doh) 

el  esta  escribiendo=he  is  writing. 

(ell)  (es-tah)  (es-cre-be-ayn-do) 

ella  esta  pensando=she  is  thinking. 

(ayl-lyah)  (es-tali)  (payn-san-doh) 

nosotros  estamos  trabajando=we  are  working. 

(noh-soh-tros)  (es-tah-mos)  (trah-bah-han-doh) 

ellos  estan  paseando=they  are  taking  a  walk. 

(ayl-lyos)  (es-tan)  (pah-say-an-doh) 

ellas  estan  leyendo=they  are  reading. 

<Wl-lyai)  (es-tan)  (lay-e-en-doh) 

50 


AUMENTATIVOS  Y  DIMINUTIVOS=Augmentatives  and 

(ah-oo-mayn-tah-tee-vos)        (ee)       (dee-mee-noo-tee-?03) 

Diminutives. 

Spanish  nouns,  adjectives  and  some  adverbs  are  increas- 
ed or  diminished  in  force  by  adding  certain  suffixes.  Words 
formed  with  these  suffixes  are  called  augmentatives  or  di- 
minutives. 

Augmentatives  and  diminutives  are  terms  of  endear- 
ment and  express  love,  tenderness,  esteem  or  admiration  for 
persons  or  things. 

The  terminations  that  are  affixed  to  the  nouns,  adjecti- 
ves or  adverbs  to  form  augmentatives  are:  on,  azo  and  ote. 

(on)   (ah-thoh)       (oli-tay) 

Feminine  forms  are  very  seldom  used  in  augmentatives. 
EJEMPLOS=Examples. 

(ay-baym-Plos) 

hombre==man ;  hombron=big,  lusty  man;  hombrazo=huge, 

(om-bray)  (om-bron)  (om-brab-tboh) 

strong  man ;  hombrote=large  man ;  gigante=giant ;  giganton 

(om-brob-tay)  (bee-gan-tay)  (hee-gao-ton) 

==giant  of  enormous  size;  gigantazo=huge  giant;  mujerona 

(hee-gan-tah-thoh)  (moo-bay-rob-nab) 

=stout  woman. 

The  most  common  terminations  which  are  affixed  to 
nouns,  adjectives  or  adverbs  to  form  diminutives  are:  ito, 

(ee-tob) 

illo  and  ico  for  the  masculine  and  ita,  ilia  and  ica  for  the 

(eel-lyo)        (ee-fcob)  (ee-tah)  (eel-lya          (ee-cab) 

feminine. 

EJEMPLOS=Examples. 

(ay-haym-plot) 

llbro=book ;  librito=pretty  little  book ;  librillo=small  book 

(iee-broh)  (lee-bree-toh)  (lee-breel-lyo) 

of  cigarette  papers;  librico=nice  little  book;  pajaro=bird, 

(lee-bree-cob)  (pah-hah-roh) 

pajarito=nice    little    bird;    pajarillo=small    pretty    bird; 

(pah-hali-ree-toh)  (pah-hah-reel-lyo) 

pajarico=lovely    little    bird;    perro=dog;    perrito==pretty 

(pah-hah-ree-coh)  (pay-rroh)  (pay-rree-toh) 

little  dog;  perrillo=good  little  dog;  perrico=nice  little  dog; 

(pay-rrll-lyo)  (pay-rree-coh) 

casa=house;  casita=pretty  little  house;  casilla=hut  of  a 

(cab-sab)  (cab-see-tab)  (cab-seel-lya) 

51 


railway  guard  or  flagman;  casica=lovely  little  house;  mesa 

(cah-see-cah)  (may-sah) 

=table;    mesilla=small    table;    mesica=nice    little    table; 

(may-aeel-lya)  (may-sce-cah) 

paloma=pigeon,  dove;  palomita=pretty  little  pigeon;  palo- 

(pah-loh-mah)  (pah-loh-mee-tah)  (pah-loh- 

milla=young  pigeon;  palomica=lovely  little  pigeon;  mujer 

tneel-lya)  (pah-loh-mee-cah)  (moo-hayr) 

=woman,  wife;  mujercita=lovely  woman;  mujercilla=little 

( moo-hay  r-thee- tab)  (moo-hayr-theel-lya) 

woman ;  hija=daughter ;  hijita  mia=my  dear  lovely  daugh- 

(ee-bab)  (ee-hee-tah)  (mee-ab) 

ter. 

PARTES  DEL  CUERPO  HUMANO=Parts  of  the  human 

(Par- lays)         (dayl)       (coo-ayr-poh)       (oo-m»fc-noh) 

body. 
cabeza=head  boca=mouth  dedos==fingers 

(cah-bay-thah)  (bob-cab)  (day-doa) 

pelo=hair  diente=tooth  unas==nails 

(pay-lob)  (dee-ayn-tay)  (oon-yas) 

cerebro=brain  labios=lips  pecho=chest 

(thay-ray-broh)  (lah-bee-os)  (pay-tchoh) 

cara=face  oidos=ears  espalda=back 

(cah-rah)  (oh-ee-dos)  (aya-pal-dah) 

frente=forehead        garganta=throat      piernas=legs 

(frayn-tay)  (gar-gan-tah)  (pee-ayr-nas) 

ojos=eyes  hombros=  pies=feet 

(oh-hos)  (om-bros)  (pee-aya) 

pestanas==  shoulders    nuesos=bones 

(pays-tah-w-as)  braZOS=armS  (oo-ay-sos) 

eye  lashes     <bra-thos)  nervios=nerve3 

cejas=eye  brows       codo=elbo\v  (nayr-vee-os)  ^ 

(tbay-has)  (cob-dob)  CUtlS=SKin 

parpados=eye  lids     muneca= wrist  (coo-tees) 

(par-pah-dot)  (moon-nyay-oah)  piel=Sl£lll 

nariz=nose  mano=hand 

(nah-reeth)  (mab-noh) 


LOS  SENTIDOS=The  senses. 

(los)  (sayn-tee-dos) 

la  vista=the  sense  of  sight;  el  oido=the  sense  of  hearing; 

(lab)  (veea-Uh)  (ayl)  (ob-ee-doh) 

el  olfato==the  sense  of  smell;  el  gusto=the  sense  of  taste; 

(ayl)  (ol-f ah-toh)  (ayl)  (goos-toh) 

el   tacto^the  sense   of  feeling;   mirada==glance ;   sonido= 

(ayl)  (tath-toh)  (mee-rah-dah)  (aoh-nee-doh) 

sound;  olor=smell;  sabor=taste;  sensibilidad=seasibility. 

(oh-lor)  (sah-bor)  (sayn-see-bee-lee-dad) 

52 


SABADO=Saturday 

(sah'-bah-doh) 

MEDICS  DE  COMUNICACION=Means  of  communication 

(may-de-03)      (day)        (co-moo-ne-cab-tbee-on) 

Telefono=telephone  Telefonema=telephone  mes- 

(tay-lay'-foh-no)  (Uy-l*y-fob-nay-mah) 

Telegrafo=telegraph  sage 

(tay-iaj -grab-fob)  Telegrama=telegram 

Telegrafo  sin  hilos=wireless  uaj-iay-grah-mah) 

uay-ia>  -grah-foh>  (sen)  <e-i<*)  Areograma=areogram 

telegraph  Ureo-grab-mah) 

Cable=cable  Cablegrama=cablegram 

(cah-blay)  (cah-blay-grah-iuah) 

Correo=post  office  Carta=letter 

(cor-ray-oh)  (car-tab) 

Tarjeta  Postal=postal  card       Impreso=printed  matter 

(tar-hay-tah-)(pos-tal)  (em-pray-wh) 

Papel=paper  Sobre=envelope 

(pah-payl)  (soh-bray) 

Sellos  de  correo  (estampillas)=postage  stamp 

(wol-ljos)  (dayl  (cok-rray-o)  (ea-Uun-pcl-U'U) 

ALOJAMIENTOS=Lodgings 

(ab-loh-hah-me-ayn-tos) 

Casa=liouse;  tienda=store ;  pisos=story  or  floor 

(oab-sah)  (te-ayn-dah)  (pe-Bos) 

Hotel=hotel ;  garage==garage ;  cama=bed 

(o-tayl)  (gah-rah-hay)  (cah-mah) 

Fonda=hotel ;  habitaciones=rooms ;  comedor=dining  room 

(fon-dah)  (ah-be-tah-thee-o-nays)  (coh-may-dor) 

Restaurant=restaurant ;  cubierto=table  d'hote; 

(rays-tab-oo-rant)  (coo-be-ayr-toh) 

Posada=inn;  refresco=an  aqueous  beverage  (a  "soft" 

(poh-sah-dah)  (ray-fraya-cob) 

drink) 
Comida=meal ;  a  la  carta=a  la  carte ;bano=bath 

(cob -me -dab)  (ah)llali)  (car-tab)  (bah-iiyo) 

Casa  de  huespedes=boarding  house ;   espejo=looking  glass 

(cah-sah)  (day)  (oo-es-pay-days)  (es-pay-ho) 

Cuarto  amueblado= furnished  room;   silla=chair 

(coo-ar-toh)  (ah-moo-ay-blahh-doh)  (le-llyab) 

Fension=pension ;  menu=menu ;          mesa=table 

(pen-ae-on)  (maj-noo)  (may-&ah) 

53 


Aduana— custom-house ;  registro=inspection 

(aU-doo-ab-nab)  ( ray-bees- troh) 

Derechos  de  aduana=custom-house  duties;  mozo=porter. 

( day-ray -tchos)  (day)  (ab-doo-ab-nah)  (moh-tbo) 

Estacion=station ;  anden  =platf orm ;  billete=ticket 

(es-tah-thee-on)  (an-dayn)  ibe-l-lytth-tay) 

Sala  de  espera=waiting  room ;  f acturar=to  check  baggage 

(sab-lab-)  (day)  (es-payr-ah)  (fac-too-rar) 

Hora  de  llegada=time  of  arrival;  equipages =baggage 

(oh-rab)  (day)  (1-lyay-gah-dah)  (ay-ke-pab-bays) 

Hora  de  salida=hour  of  departure. 

(o-tab)  (day)  (sal-e-dab) 


VERBOS  AUXILIARES=Auxiliary  verbs 

(ver-lxw)  (ah-oo-xe-le-ah-rea) 

Haber=to  have;  Tener=to  have 

(ah-ber)  (tay-ner) 

These  two  verbs  have  the  same  meaning  as  the  English 
verb  "to  have".  The  chief  difference  lies  in  their  use. 
Haber  is  employed  as  an  auxiliary  to  form  the  compound 
tenses  of  other  verbs  while  tener  is  employed  to  denote 
possession. 


EJEMPLOS=Examples 

(ay-hem-plos) 

Yo  he  comido  fmtas=I  have  eaten  fruit 

(yob)  (ay)  (cob-me-do)  (froo-us) 

Yo  tengo  flores=I  have  flowers 

(yob)  (tayn-gob)  (fior-ea) 

Usted  ha  tornado  caf6=you  have  taken  coffee 

(oos-taytb)  (ah)  (to-mab-dob)  (cab-fay*) 

Usted  tiene  buenos  cigarros=you  have  good  cigars 

(ooi-taytb)  (te-ay-nay)  (boo-ay-nos)  (tbe-gah-r-ros) 

The  Spanish  past  participle  is  formed  by  adding  the 
termination  ado  to  the  root  of  verbs  which  end  in  ar  in  the 
infinitive  mood,  and  by  adding  ido  to  the  root  of  verbs  which 
have  er  or  ir  for  the  termination  of  the  infinitive. 

Haber=to  have;  habiendo=having ;  habido=had 

(ah-ber)  (ab-be-cn-do)  (ab-be-dob) 

54 


PRESENTE=Present 

(pray-sayn-tay) 

Singular 


yo  he=I  have 

(yob)  (ay) 

f 

listed 

(oos-tayth) 

"you 

have 

el 

lha=  . 

he 

] 

(ell) 

ella 

(ah) 

she 

rhas 

(•yl-lyah)         * 

J 

Plural 
nosotros  hemos=we  have 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ay-mos) 


have 


ustedes 

'you. 

(oos  -lay  -days) 

ellos 

han=. 

they 

(ayl-lyos) 

(an) 

elLos 

they 

(ayl-lyaa) 

• 

As  we  shall  have  occasion  to  use  only  the  present  tense 
of  haber  at  this  stage,  we  shall  not  introduce  the  other  tenses 
at  this  time. 

PARTE  PRACTICA=Practical  part 

(par-lay)         (prac-te-cah) 

PRESENTE=Present 

(pray-sayn-tay) 

yo  he  hablado  siempre  espanol  con  mis  discipulos=I  have 

(yob)  (ay)  (ah-blah-doh)  (aeem-pray)  (es-pab-nyol)  (con)  (mees)  (dis-thee-poo-loa 

always  spoken  Spanish  with  my  pupils. 
listed  ha  recibido  pocas  cartas=you  have  received  few  letters 

(oos-tayth)  (ah)  (ray-thee-be-doh)  (poc-u)  (car-tas) 

el  ha  estado  aqui  hace  10  miimtos=he  was  here  ten  minutes 

(ell)  (ah)  (es-tah-do)  (ah-fce)  (ath-ay)  (dee-ayth)  (me-noo-toO 

ago 
ella  ha  visitado  a  sus  hermanos=she  has  visited  her  brothers 

(ayl-lyah)  (ah)  (ve-see-tab-doh)  (ah)  (BOOS)  (er-mah-noe) 

nosotros  hemos  vendido  mucho=we  have  sold  much 

(cou-soh-tros)  (ay-mos)  (vayc-de-do)  (moo-cho) 

ustedas  ban  coinprado  caro=you  have  bought  at  a  high  price 

(oo*-t«y-days)  (an)  (com-prah-doh)  (cah-roh) 

55 


ellos  ban  pintado  paisajes  bonitos=they  have  painted  beau- 

(ayl-lyos)  (an)  (peen-tah-doh)  tpah-e-sah-iies)  (boh-ne-tos) 

tiful  landscapes, 
ellas  ban  tocado  el  piano=they  bave  played  tbe  piano. 

(ayl-lyas)  (an)  (toh-cah-dob)  (ayl)  (pe-ah-uoh) 

FORMA  INTERROGATIVA=Interrogative  form. 

(for-mah)  (in-ter-ro-gah-tee-vah) 

ha  allegado  el  correo?=has  the  mail  arrived? 

(ah)  (l-lya)-gah-doh)  (ayl)  (cor-ray-oh) 

ha  comido  usted  con  ella?==have  you  dined  with  her  ? 

(ha)  (coh-me-doh)  (oos-tayth)  (con)  (ayl-lyah) 

ha  llovido  mucho?=has  it  rained  very  much  ? 

(ah)  (1-lyoh-ve-doh)  (moo-choh) 

hemos  recibido  hoy  algun  cablegrama?=have  we  received 

(ay-mos)  (ray-thee-be-doh)  (o-e)  (al-goo-n)  (cah-blay-grah-mah) 

any  cablegram  today? 
han  pagado  ellos  sus  cuentas?=have  they  paid  their  bills? 

(an)  (pah-gah-doh)  (ayl-lyos)  (soos)  (coo-ayn-tas) 

ban  visto  ellas  los  nuevos  modelos?=Have  they  seen  the 

(an)   (vls-toh)    (ayl-lyas)   (los)   (noo-ay-vos)   (moh-day-los) 

new  styles? 
han  edificado  mucho  en  los  alrededores?=Have  they  built 

(an)  (ay-dee-fee-cah-doh)  (moot-choh)  (en)  (los)  (al-ray-day-doh-res) 

extensively  in  that  district? 

Haber  has  also  a  particular  idiomatic  use  expressive  of 
duty  or  necessity.  It  is  then  invariably  followed  by  the 
prepoistion  de. 

EJEMPO=Examples. 

(ay-haym-ploi) 

yo  he  de  ir=I  must  go. 

(yoh)  (ey)  (day)  (lr) 

usted  ha  de  mandar=you  need  to  send. 

(oos-tayth)  (ah)  (day)  (man-dar) 

el  ha  de  venir=he  must  come. 

(ell)  (ah)  (day)  (vay-nlr) 

ella  ha  de  mirar=she  has  to  look. 

(ayl-lyah)  (ah)  (day)  (me-rar) 

nosotros  hemos  de  ceder=we  must  yield. 

(noh-soh-tros)  (ay-mos)  (day)  (tliay-der) 

ustedes  han  de  cerrar=you  have  to  close. 

(oos-tay-days)  (an)  (day)  (they-r-rar) 

ellos  han  de  traerlo=they  must  bring  it. 

(ayl-lyos)  (an)  (day)  ( trah-er-loh) 

56 


ellas  han  de  llamar  a  Elenita=they  have  to  call  Nelly 

(•yl-lyas)  (an)  (day)  Cl-ljah-mar)  (ah)  (ay-lay-ne-tah) 

Tener=to  have;        teniendo=having;        tenido=had 


(tay-ner 


(tay-nee-en-doh) 


(tay-nee-doii) 


PRESENTE=Present 

(pray-sayn-tay) 

Singular 
Yo  tengo=I  have 


(yob)  (ten-gob) 


usted     ^ 

fyou  ht 

(003-tayth) 

el 

.  tiene= 

he      I 

(ell) 

(tee-  ay-nay) 

1 

eUa 

she 

(ayl-lyan)      •> 

L            * 

has 


Plural 
nosotros  tenemos=we  have 


noh-soh-tros)  (tay-nay-mos) 


ustedes  "1 

(oos-tay-des)  I 

ellos       ltienen=. 

(ayl-lyoa)          (tee-ay-nen) 

ellas 

(ayl-lyw)      * 


you 

they 
they 


have 


PASADO=Past 

(pab-aah-dob) 

Singular 
Yo  tuve=I  had 

(yob) (too-vay) 


listed 

'you 

(oos-taytb) 

el 

tuvo=    . 

he 

(•ID 

(too-Toh) 

ella 

(  n  T    1  _!T-.!  V,  \              ' 

she 

had 


(ayl-lyab) 

Plural 
nosotros  tuvimos=we  had 

(nob-Bob-troa)     (too-vemoB) 


had 


ustedes  " 

you 

(ooB-tay-dea) 

ellos 

.tuvieron=  . 

they 

(ayl-lyos) 

(too-ve-ay-ron) 

ellas 

they 

(ayl-lyw)     J 

* 

57 


FUTURO=Future 

(foo-too-roh) 


Singular 

Yo  tendre=I  shall  or  will  have 

(yob)  (ten-dray) 

usted     " 

'you   ' 

(oos-tayth) 

el 

(ell) 

tendra=  . 

(ten-drab) 

he 

shall  or  will  have 

ella 

she 

(ayl-lyah)     J 

>         . 

Plural 
nosotros  tendremos=we  shall  or  will  have 

(iiuh-suli-tros)  (teii-dray-mos) 


ustedes 

(oos-tay-des) 

ellos 

(ayl-lyos) 

ellas 

(•yl-lyas) 


tendran= 


you 

they 

they 


shall  or  will  have 


PARTE  PRACTICA=Practical  part 

(par-tay)          (prac-tee-cah) 

yo  tengo  un  caballo  bianco =1  have  a  white  horse 

Tyoh)  (ten-gob)  (oon)  (cah-bah-1-lyoh)  (blan-cob) 

usted  tiene  un  magnifico  tronco  de  caballos=you  have  a 

(oos-tayth)  (tee-ay-nay)  (oon)  (mag-nee-fee-co)  (tron-co)  (day)  (cah-bah-1-lyos) 

splendid  team  of  horses 
el  tiene  un  perro  de  caza=he  has  a  hunting  dog 

(ell)  (tee-ay-nay)  (oon)  (pay-r-roh)  (day)  (cah-thah) 

ella  tiene  un  pajaro  que  canta=she  has  a  bird  which  sings 

(ayl-lyab)  (tee-ay-nay)  (oon)  (pab-bab-rob)  (kay)  (can-tab) 

nosotros  tenemos  vacas  y  toros=we  have  cows  and  bulls 

(noh-sob-tros)  (tay-nay-mos)  (vab-cas)  (ee)  (to-ros) 

ustedes  tiene  pavos  y  pollos=you  have  turkeys  and  chickens 

(oos-tay-des)  (tee-ay-nen)  (pah-voa)  (ee)  (pol-lyos) 

rllos  tienen  mulas  y  burros=they  have  mules  and  donkeys 

&yl-lyoe)  (tee-ay-nen)  (moo-las)  (ee)  (boo-r-ros) 

fllas  tienen  gatos  y  palomas=they  have  cats  and  pigeons 

-nen)  (gab-tot)  (ee)  (pab-loh-mai) 

58 


PARTE  COLOQUIAL=Conversational  part 

(par-lay)  (coh-loh-ke-al) 

PASADO=Past. 

(pah-sah-doh) 

tuvo  usted  noticias  en  el  correo  de  ayer?=did  you  receive 

(too-Toh)  (oos-tayth)  ( noh  -  teeth -e- as)  (en)  (ayl)  (cor-ay-oh)  (day)  (ah-jer) 

news  in  yesterdays  mail? 
si  senor ;  tuve  buenas  noticias  en  tres  cartas=yes,  I  received 

(see)  (say-nyor)  (too-fay)  (boo-ay-nas)  (noh-teeth-e-as)  (en)  (tres)  (car-las) 

good  news  in  three  letters. 
tuvo  ella  negocios?=did  she  transact  business? 

(too-voh)  (ayl-lyah)  (nay-goh-thee-oe) 

si  senor;  ella  tuvo  mucho  tiempo  los  negocios  de  su  padre= 

(see)  (say-nyor)  (ayl-lyah)  (too-voh)  (moo-tchoh)  (tee-em-pob)  doe)  (naygoh-thee-os)  (day (BOO) 

(pah-dray) 

yes,  she  carried  on  the  business  of  her  father  for  long 
time. 

tuvo  el  recompensas  por  su  trabajo?=did  he  receive  com- 

(too-voh)  (eU)  (ray-con-pen-sas)  (por)  (soo)  (trah-bah-joh) 

pensation  for  his  work? 
si,  el  tuvo  premios  y  gano  mucho  dinero=yes,  he  received 

(see)  (ell)  (too-voh)  (pray-mee-os)  (ee)  (gah-noh)  (moo-choh)  (dee-nayroh) 

prizes  and  earned  a  great  deal  of  money. 

Tener  is  used  to  form  a  particular  idiomatic  expression 
indicative  of  duty  or  necessity.  It  is  then  invariably  fol- 
lowed by  the  preposition  que. 

EJEMPLO=:Exaniple. 

(ay-haym-plos) 

el  tendra  que  hacerlo=he  will  have  to  do  it. 

(ell)  (ten-drah)  (kay)  (hath-ayr-loh) 

nosotros  tendremos  que  salir=we  shall  have  to  go  out 

(noh-so-tros)  (tayn-dray-mos)  (kay)  (sah-lir) 

cllas  tendran  que  estudiar=they  will  have  to  study. 

(ayl-lyaa)  (ten-dran)  (kay)  (es-too-dee-ar) 

Tener  also  is  used  instead  of  the  verb  to  be  in  the  f  ollow- 

(tay-ner) 

ing  expressions  relating  to  persons: 

;aner  calor=to  be  warm.  tener  sueno=to  be  sleepy. 

(tay-ner)  (cah-lor)  (tay-ner)  (aoo-ay-nyo) 

59 


tener  miedo=to  be  afraid.  tener  hambre=to  be  hungry. 

(tay-ner)  (mee-ay-doh)  (tay-ner)  (am-bray) 

tener  sed=to  be  thirsty.  tener  razon=to  be  right. 

(tay-ner)  (sayth)  (tay-ner)  (rah-thon) 

tener  ganas  de=to  be  desirous  oftener  frio=to  be  cold. 

(tay-ner)  (gah-nas)  (day)  (tay-ner)  (free-on) 

CONDICIONAL=Conditional 

(con-dee-thee-oh-nal) 

The  conditional  tense  of  the  verb  is  used  to  express 
conditional  action  and  is  formed  in  all  verbs  by  adding 
to  the  infinitive  mood  the  endings  ia  for  the  first  and  third 
person  singular,  iamos  for  the  first  person  plural  and  ian  for 
the  third  person  plural. 

Example. 
Yo,  listed  amaria;  nosotros  amariamos;  ustedes  amarian= 

(yoh)  (oos-tay-th)  (ah-mah-ri-ah)  (noh-soh-tros)  ( ah-mah-reeah-mos)  (oos-tay-days)  (ah-mah-ree- 

•a) 

I,  (you,  we,  you)  should  love. 

EL  RELOJ=the  watch,  clock 

(ayl)      (ray-loh) 

reloj  de  bolsillo=poeket  watch,  reloj  de  pared=wall  clock. 

(ray-loh)  (day)  (bol-see-1-lyoh)  (ray-loh)  (day)  (pah-rayd) 

reloj  de  senora==ladies  watch,  reloj  de  torre=tower  clock. 

(ray-loh)  (day)  (say-nyo-rah)  (ray-loh)  (day)  (toh-r-ray) 

reloj  despertador==alarm  clock.  dar  cuerda=to  wind. 

(ray-loh)  (des-per-tah-dor)  (dar)  (coo-er-dah) 

manillas=hands,  anda  bien=runs  well,  anda  mal=doesn't 

jmah-nee-l-lyas)  (an-dah)  (bee-en)  (an-dah)  (mal) 

run  well,  se  adelanta=-it  runs  too  fast,  se  atrasa=it  runs 

(say)  (a-dya-lan-tah)  (say)  (ah-trah-sah) 

slowly. 

QUE  HORA  ES?==What  time  is  it? 

(kay)        (oh-rah)       (es) 

es  la  una=it  is  one  o'clock,  son  las  dos=it  is  two  o'clock. 

(es)  (lah)  (oo-nah)  (son)  (las)  (dos) 

son  las  tres  y  cinco=it  is  five  minutes  after  three. 

(son)  (las)  (tres)  (e)  (theen-coh) 

son  las  cinco  y  cuarto=it  is  quarter  after  five. 

(son)  (las)  (theen-coh)  (e)  (koo-ar-toh) 

son  las  siete  y  media=it  is  half  past  seven. 

(son)  (la)  (see-ay-tay)  (e)  (may-de-ah) 

son  las  ocho  menos  veinte=it  is  twenty  minutes  of  eight. 

(son)  (las)  (oh-tchoh)  (may-nos)  (vay-en-tay) 

son  las  nueve  menos  cuarto=it  is  a  quarter  of  nine. 

(ion)  (las)  (noo-ay-ray)  (may-noa)  (koo-ar-to) 

60 


COMPARATIVOS  Y  SUPERLATIVOS=Comparatives  and 

(com-pah-rah-tee-vos)         (ee)          (soo-payr-lah-tee-vos) 

Superlatives. 
There  are  three  degrees  of  comparision,  el  positivo=the 

(ayl)  (poh-see-tee-voh) 

positive,  el  comparativo=the  comparative,  and  el  superlative 

(ayl)  (com-pah-rah-tee-voh)  (ayl)  (soo-payr-lah-tee-voh) 

=the  superlative. 

The  positive  degree  of  an  adjective  is  the  adjective  in 
its  simplest  form. 

The  comparative  degree  of  an  adjective  is  that  modifica- 
tion of  it  by  means  of  which  we  show  that  one  thing  has 
more  of  a  quality  than  another. 

The  comparative  degree  is  formed  by  placing  one  of  the 
adverbs  mas=more ;  menos=less ;  or  tan=as  ;  before  the  ad- 

(mas)  (may-nos)  (tan) 

jective. 

EJEMPLOS=Examples. 

(ay-haym-plos) 

bonito=pretty ;   mas   bonito=prettier ;   menos   bonito=less 

(boh-nee-toh)  (mas)  (boh-nee-toh)  (may-nos)   (boh-nee-toh) 

pretty;  tan  bonito=as  pretty;  feo=ugly;  mas  feo=uglier; 

(tan)  (boh-nee-toh)  (fay-oh)  (mas)  (fay-oh) 

menos  feo=less  ugly;  tan  feo=as  ugly;  grande==great,  big; 

(may-nos)  (fay-oh)  (tan)  (fay-oh)  (gran-day) 

mas  grande=greater,  bigger ;  menos  grande=less  great ;  tan 

(mas)  (gran-day)  (may-nos)   (gran-day)  (tan) 

grande=as  great;  pequeno=small ;  mas  pequeno=smaller ; 

(gran-day)  (pay-kay-nyoh)  (mas)    (pay-kay-nyoh) 

menos  pequeno=less  small;  tan  pequeno=as  small;  alto= 

(may-nos)  (pay-kay-nyoh)  (tan)  (pay-kay-nyoh)  (al-toh) 

high,  tall;  mas  alto  que=taller  than;  menos  alto  que=less 

(mas)  (al-toh)   (kay)  (may-nos)  (al-toh)   (kay) 

tall  than;  tan  alto  como=as  high  as;  blanco= white ;  mas 

(tan)   (al-toh)  (coh-moh)  (blan-coh)  (mas) 

bianco  que=whiter  than ;  menos  bianco  que=less  white  than ; 

(blan-coh)  (kay)  (may-nos)  (blan-coh)   (kay) 

tan  bianco  como=as  white  as ;  negro=black ;  mas  negro  que 

(tan)    (blan-roh)  (coh-moh)  (nay-groh)  (mas)    (nay-groh) (Uay) 

=more  black  than;  menos  negro  que=less  black  than;  tan 

(may-nos)   (nay-groh)  (kay)  (tan) 

negro  como=as  black  as. 

(nay-groh)  (coh-moh) 

The  superlative  degree  of  an  adjective  is  that  modifica- 
tion of  it  by  means  of  which  we  show  that  a  thing  has  the 
most  of  a  quality. 

61 


The  superlative  degree  is  formed  in  Spanish  either  by 
placing  the  adverb  muy=very,  before  the  adjective,  or  by 

(moo-ee) 

adding  the  termination  isimo,  to  the  positive  degree. 

(ee-see-moh) 

EJEMPLOS=Examples. 

(ay-haym-plos) 

largo=long;   muy  largo=very   long;   larguisimo=longest ; 

(lar-goh)  (moo-ee)   (lar-goh)  (lar-gee-see-moh) 

corto=short;  muy  corto=very  short;  cortisimo=shortest ; 

(cor-toh)  (moo-ee)   (cor-toh)  (cor-tee-see-moh) 

ancho=broad;  muy  ancno=very  broad;  anchisimo=broad- 

(an-tchoh)  (moo-ee)  (an-tchdh)  (an-tchee-see-moh) 

est;  estrecho==narrow ;  muy  estrecho=very  narrow;  estre- 

(ays-tray-tchoh)  (moo-ee)  (ays-tray-tchob)  (ays-tray- 

chisimo=narrowest ;     grueso=thick ;     muy     grueso=very 

tchee-see-moh)  (groo-ay-soh)  (moo-ee)    (groo-ay-soh) 

thick;  gruesisimo=thickest ;  delg>ado=thin ;  muy  delgado= 

(groo-ay-see-see-moh)  (dajl-gah-doh)  (moo-ee)  (dayl-gah-doh) 

very    thin;    delgadisimo=thinnest ;    profundo=deep ;    muy 

(dayl-gah-dce-see-moh)  (proh-foon-doh)  (moo-ee) 

profundo=very     deep;     prof  undisimo=deepest ;     pesado= 

(proh-foon-doh)  (pro-foon-dee-see-moh)  (pay-sah-doh) 

heavy;    muy    pesado=very    heavy;    pesadisimo=heaviest ; 

(moo-ee)   (pay-sah-doh)  (pay-sah-dee-see-moh) 

ligero=light ;  muy  ligero=very  light;  lig>erisimo=lightest ; 

(lee-hay-roh)  (moo-ee)  (lee-hay-roh)  (lee-hay-ree-see-moh) 

duro=hard;    muy    duro=very    hard;    durisimo=hardest ; 

(doo-roh)  (moo-ee)     (doo-roh)  (doo-ree-see-moh) 

blando=soft;  muy  blando=very  soft;  blandisimo=sof  test ; 

(blan-doh)  (moo-ee)  (blan-doh)  (blan-dee-see-moh) 

limpio=clean ;  muy  limpio=very  clean ;  limpisimo=cleanest. 

(leem-pee-oh)  (moo-ee)  (leem-pee-oh)  (leem-pee-see-moh) 

oscuro=dark ;  muy  oscuro==very  dark ;  O3curistmo=darkest ; 

(os-cooh-roh)  (moo-ee)  (os-coo-roh)  (os-coo-ree-see-moh) 

claro=light;   muy    claro=very   light;    clarisimo=lightest ; 

(clah-roh)  (moo-ee)  (clah-roh)  (clah-ree-see-moh) 

mojado=wet;  muy  mojado=very  wet;   mojadisimo=wet- 

(moh-hab-doh)  (moo-ee)  (moh-hah-doh)  (moh-hah-dce-see-moh) 

test;   seco=dry;  muy  seco=very  dry;  sequisimo=dryest ; 

(say-coh)  (moo-ee)  (say-cob.)  (say-kee-see-moh) 

lleno=f ull ;  muy  lleno=very  full ;  Uemsimo=fullest ;  maduro 

(l-yay-noh)  (moo-ee)  (1-yay-noh)  (1-yay-nee-see-moh)  (mah-doo-roh) 

=ripe ;  muy  maduro=very  ripe ;  madurisimo==ripest ;  vsrde 

(moo-ee)  (mah-doo-roh)  (mah-doo-ree-see-moh)  (vnyr-day) 

=green ;  muy  verde=very  green ;  verdisimo=greenest ;  util 

(moo-ee)  (yayr-day)  (vayr-dee-see-moh)  (oo-teel) 

=useful;   muy  util=very  useful;   utilisimo=most  useful j 

(moo-ee)     (oo-teel)  (oo-t«e-lee-see-moh) 

debil=weak;  muy  debil=very  weak;  debilisimo=  weakest. 

(d»y-b««l)  (moo-ee)  (day-beel)  (day-bee-lee-see-moh) 

62 


DOMINGO=Sunday 

(doh-min-goh) 

(Since  Sunday  is  a  day  of  rest  the  author  would  suggest 
that  the  lesson  be  postponed  until  the  following  day.) 

COBRESPONDENCIA  FOR  CORREO=Mail  Correspondence 

(coh-r-rcs-pou-cleu-thee-ah)  (por)   (coh-r-rray-oh) 

Formas  para  empezar  una  carta=Forms  for  beginning 

(for-maa)  (pah-rah)  (em-pay-thar)  (oo-nali)  (cart-tali) 

a  letter 
Fecha=Date 

(fay-tchah) 

Nombre  y  direccion=Name  and  address 

(nom-bwHse)  (tlee-rec-thee-on) 

Encabezamientos^Head  lines 

(en-cah-bay-thah-mee-en-toa) 

Senor;  Senores=Mr. ;  Messrs. 

(say-nyor)  (say-nyor-es) 

Senora ;  Senorita=Madam ;  Miss 

(say-ui'O-rah)  (say-nyo-re-tah) 


Muy  Senor 

(moo-e)  (aay-nyor) 


mio 

(mee-oh) 

nuestro 

I   (noo-es-tro) 


=Dear  Sir 


Muy  Senores- 

(moo-e)  (say-nyor-es) 


mios 

(mee-°8) 


(noo-es-troe) 

f  mia 
Muy  Senora  \  (mee-ah) 

(moo-e)  (say-nyo-rah)  I    nUBStrSi 
L    (noo-es-trah) 


=Dear  Sirs;  Gentlemen 


=Madam;  Dear  Madam 


Distingnido  Senor  mio=My  distinguished  Sir 

(dls-tln-ge-doh)  (eay-nyor)  (mee-o) 


Distinguida  - 

(dls-Un-go-dah) 


senora 

(say-nyo-rah) 

senorita 

(s»j-nyo-ree-tah). 


=Madam 


63 


Mi 

(mee) 


distingnido 

(dis-tin-gee-doh) 

querido 

(kay-re«-doh) 

apreciado 

*"    (ah-pray-the«-ah-doh)  •* 


amigo=my 

(ah-mee-goh) 


distinguished 
dear 


friend 


Mi  querido 

(mee)  ikay-re«-doh) 


Mi  querida 

(KM)  (kay-ree-dah) 


padre;  esposo  ' 

(pah-dray)  (es-poh-soh) 

hijo;  hermano 

(•-boh)     (er-mah-r.oh) 

tio;  primo 

•  (tee-ohj  (pree-moh) 

raadre;  esposa" 

(mah-dray)  (et-poh-sah) 

hija;  hermana 

(e-hah)      (er-mah-nah) 

tia;  prima 

( te«-ah)  (pree-mah) 


appreciated 

father;  husband 


=My  dear 


=My  dear 


son;  brother 
uncle;  cousin 

mother;  wife 
daughter;  sister 
aunt;  cousin 


Formulas  de  despedida=Forms  of  closing 

(for-moo-las)   (day)  (des-pay-dee-dah) 

Su  af.mo   (afectisimo)=very  sincerely  yours 

(§00)  (ahf-ayth-tee-see-moh)  (ahf-ayth-tee-aee-moh) 


fUsted 
Quedo  de   J  «»»-*>*> 

UstedeS 

L  (oos-Uy-des) 


su  af.mo  y  S.  S.=I  remain  very  truly 

(aoo)  (ahf-ayth-te*-moo)  (e*)§ay-gooro)  (aayr-Ttc-dor) 

yours 


Seguro  Servidor=Devoted  servant 

(say-goo-roh) (sayr-ree-dor) 

Sirvase  aceptar  mi  mas  alta  consideracion=With  assurance 

(air-Tah-aay)  (ath-ayp-tar)  (mees)  (uias)  (al-tah)  (con-see-day-rah-thee-on) 

of  my  highest  consideration 
Sirvase  senora  aceptar  mis  mas  respetuosos  saludos=Kindly 

(sir-iah-saj)  (say-nyo-rah)  ( ah-thayp-tar)  (mil)  (mas)  (res-pay-too-oh-aoa)  (aab-loo-doc) 

accept  my  most  respectful  salutations. 
VERBOS  IRREGULARES=Irregular  verbs 

(Ter-bM)  (e-rray-goo-lah-res) 

Spanish  irregular  verbs  are  numerous.  Their  conjuga- 
tion undergoes  changes  either  in  the  roots,  the  terminations 
or  both. 


64 


Below  will  be  found  the  conjugations  in  the  Present, 
Past,  and  Future  tenses  of  the  Indicative  Mood  of  the  most 
frequently  used  irregular  verbs. 

Eacer=to  make,  to  do 

(»th-er) 

Haciendo=making,  doing  Eecho=made,  done 

(ath-8-cn-doh)  (ay-tchoh) 

Presente 
(pnr-MB-tw) 

yo  hagqj  usted  hace;  nosotros  hacemos;  ustedes  hacen 

<yob)(ha-goh)(ooa-tayth)(ath-ay)  (nob-aoh-troa)   (atb-ay-mo»)     (oos-tay-des)  (at-beu) 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  hice;  usted  hizo;  nosostros   hicimos;  ustedes  hiciero'n 

(ych)  (e-tbay)  (ooa-tbaytb)  (e-thob)  (nob-aoh-troa)    (e-thee-moa)  (ooa-tay-dei)  (e-tbee-ay-rcn) 

Future 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  hare  ;  usted  hara  ;  nosotros  haremos  ;  ustedes  harin 

(job)  lab-ray)  (oos-taylb)  (ah-rab)  (noh-soh-troa)  (ah-ray-moa)  (oos-tah-dea)  (ah-ran) 


Haber==(  there)  to  be  (impersonal) 

(ab-ber) 

Presenter  hay=there  is;  Pasado:  hubo=there  was; 

(pray-sen-tay)   (ab-e)  (pab-sab-dob)  (oo-bob) 

Futuro:  habra==  there  will  be. 

(foo-too-roh)  (ah-brab) 


ir=to  go;  yendo=going  ;  ido=gone 

(ID  (e-en-doh)  (e-doh) 

Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  voy;  usted  va;  nosotros  vamos;  ustedes  van 

(yob)  (ro-e)  (oos-tayth)  (Tab)  (nob-soh-troi)  (vab-moa)  (oos-tay-des)  (ran) 

Pasado 

(pah  -sab  -dob) 

yo  fui;  usted  fue;  nosotros  fuimos;  ustedes  fueron 

(yob)  (foo-e)  (ooB-tayth)  (too-  ay)  (nob-so-troa)  (foo-e-mos)  (ooe-Uy-des)  (foo-ay-ron) 

Futuro 

(foo-too-rob) 

yo  ire";  usted  ira;  nosotros  iremos;  ustedes  Iran 

(yoh)  (e-ray)  (ooa-taytb)  (e-rab)  (nob-ao-troa)  (•-ray-moa)  (ooa-tay-dea)  (e-ran) 


Venir=to  come;  Viniendo=coming  ;  Venido=come 

(ray-nir)  (vee-uee-en-do)  (vay-iwe-dob) 

65 


Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  vengo;  usted  viene;  nosotros  venimos;  ustedes  vienen 

(yoh)  (ven-goh)  (oos-tayth)  (vee-ay-nay)  (noh-soh-tros)  (vay-nee-mos)  (oos-tay-dea)  (ve-ay-nen) 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  vine;  usted  vino;  nosotros  vinimos;  ustedes  vinieron 

(yoli)  (vee-nay)  (oos-tayth)  (vee-noh)  (noh-sah-tros)  (vee-nee-mos)  (ooa-tay-d«s)  (vee-nee-ay-ron) 

Future 

(foo-  too  -roll) 

yo  vendre;  usted  vendra;  nosotros  vendremos;  ustedes 

(yo)     (ven-dray)     (oos-taytb)  (ven-drah)     (noh-soh-tros)     (ven-dray-mos)       (oos-tay-des) 

vendran 

(ven-dran) 


Dar=to  give;  Dando=giving  ;  Dado=given 

(dar)  (dan-do)  (dah-doh) 

Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  doy  ;  usted  da  ;  nosotros  damos  ;  ustedes  dan 

(yoh)  (doh-e)  (oos-tayth)  (dah)  (noh-soh-troa)  (dah-mos)   (oos-tay-des)   (dan) 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yc  di  ;  usted  dio  ;  nosotros  dimes  ;  ustedes  dieron 

(yoh)  (dee)  (ooa-tayth)  (dee-oh)  (noh-soh-tros)  (dee-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (dee-ay-ron) 

.  Futuro 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  dare;  usted  dara;  nosotros  daremos;  ustedes  daran 

(yoh)  (dab-ray)  (oos-tayth)  (dah-rah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (dah-ray-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (dah-ran) 


Saber=to  know;  Sabiendo=knowing  ;  Sabido=known. 

(sab-bar)  (sah-bee-en-doh)  (sah-bee-doh) 

Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  se;  usted  sabe;  nosotros  sabemos;  ustedes  saben 

(yoh)  (say)  (oos-tayth)  (sab-bay)  (noh-soh-tros)  (sah-bay-mos)  (oos-Uy-des)  (sab-ben) 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  supe;  usted  supo;  nosotros  supimos;  ustedes  supieron 

(yoh)  (soo-pay)  (oos-tayth)  (sob-poh)  (noh-soh-tros)  (soo-pe-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (soo-pee-ay-ron) 

Futuro 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  sabre;  usted  sabra;  nosotros  sabremos;  ustedes  sabran 

(yoh)  dab-bray)  (ooi-tayth)  (sah-brah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (  sah-  bray  -mos)  (oos-tay-dea)  (sah-bran) 


Poder=to  be  able  ;  Pudiendo=being  able  ;  Podido=been  able 

(poh-d«r)  (poo-dee-on-doh)  (poh-dee-doh) 

66 


Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  puedo;  usted  puede;  nosotros  podemos;  ustedes  pueden 

(yoh)  (poo-ar-doh)  (oos-tayth)  (poo-ay-day)  (noh-soh-tros)  (poh-day-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (poo-ay-denl 

Pasado 

(pah-aab-doh) 

yo  pude  ;  usted  pudo  ;  nosotros  pudimos  ;  ustedes  pudieron 

(yoh)  (poo-day)  (oos-tayth)  (poo-dob)  (noh-soh-tros)  (poo-dee-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (pou-dee-ay-ron) 

Futuro 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  podre  ;  usted  podra  ;  nosotros  podremos  ;  ustedes  podran 

(rob)  (poh-dray)  (oos-taj-th)  (pob-diab)  (noh-soh-tros)  (poh-dray-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (poh-draa) 


Oir=to  hear;  Oyendo==hearing  ;  Oido=heard 

(oh-ir)  (oh-e-en-doh)  (oii-e-Uoh) 

Presente 

(pray-aen-Uy) 

yo  oigo  ;  usted  oye  ;  nosotros  oimos  ;  ustedes  oyen 

(yoh)  (oh-s-goh)  (oos-Uyth)  (ob-j«)  (DOh-soh-tros)  (eh-e-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (oh-jen) 

Pasado 

(pah-sab-doh) 

yo  oi;  usted  oyo;  nosotros  oimos;  ustedes  oyeron 

(yob)  (oh-*)  (ooa-taytb)  (oh-Joh)  (noh-soh-tros)  (oh-e-mos)  (oos-tay-d«s)  (ob-Jay-ron) 

Future 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  oire;  usted  oira;  nosotros  oiremos;  ustedes  oiran 

(yoh)  (oh-e-raj)  (oos-tayth)  (oh-e-rah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (oh-a-ray-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (oh-e-ran) 


Pensar=to  think;  Pensando=thinking  ;  Pensado==thought 

(pen-sar)  (pea-san-doh)  (pen-eab-dob) 

Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  pienso;  usted  piensa;  nosotros  pensamos;  ustedes  piensan 

(yoh)  (pee-en-ioh)  (oos-tayth)  (pee-en-sah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (pen-sah-mos)  (ooa-tay-dM)  (pe«-tn-san) 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  pense  ;  usted  penso  ;  nosotros  pensamos  ;  ustedes  pensaron 

(yoh)  (pen-say)  (oos-tayth)  (pen-sob)  (noh-soh-tros)  (pen-sah-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (pen-sah-ron) 

Futuro 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  pensare;  usted  pensara;  nosotros  pensaremos;  ustedes 

(yoh)  (pen-aah-ray  )  (ooa-tayth)  (pen-sah-rah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (pen-sah-ray-mos)  (oos-tay-dM) 

pensaran 

(pen-eab-ran) 


Andar=to  walk;  Andando=  walking  ;  Andado=  walked. 

(an-dan-doh)  (au-dah-dob) 

67 


Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  ando;  usted  anda;  nosotros  andamos;  ustedes  andan 

(yoh)  (an-doh)  (oos-taytli)  (and-ah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (an-dah-mos)  (oos-taydas)  (an-dan) 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  anduve;  usted  anduvo;  nosotros  anduvimos;  ustedes 

(yoh)(an-doo-vay)(oos-tayth)   (an-doo-voh)  (noh-soh-tros)      (an-doo-vee-mos)    (oos-tay-des) 

anduvieron 

(an-doo-vee-ay-ron) 

Futuro 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  andare;  usted  andara;  nosotros  anderemos;  ustedeg 

<yoh)(an-dah-ray)  (oos-tayth)  (au-dah-rah)  (  noh-soh-tros)   (an-dah-ray-moa)   (oos-tay-des) 

andaran 

(an-dah-ran) 


Jugar==to  play;  Jugando=playing  ;  Jugado==played 

(hoo-gar)  (hoo-gan-do)  (hoo-gah-doh) 

Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  juegfo  ;  usted  juega  ;  nosotros  jugamos  ;  ustedes  juegan 

(job)  (hoo-ay-doh)  (oos-tayth)  (hoo-ay-gah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (hoo-gah-mos)  (ooa-tay-dea)  (hoo-»y-g»n| 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  jugue;  usted  jugo;  nosotros  jugamos;  ustedes  jugaron 

(yob)  (hoo-gay  )  (oos-tayth)  (hoo-goh)  (noh-soh-tros)  (hoo-gah-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (hoo-gah-ron) 

Futuro 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  jugare;  usted  jugara;  nosotros  jugaremos;  ustedes 

(yoh)  (hoo-gah-ray)  (oos-tayth)  (hoo-gah-rah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (hoo-gah-ray-mos)  (ooa-tay-dea) 

jugaran 

(hoo-gah-ran) 


Sentir=to  feel;  Sintiendo=feeling;  Sentido=felt. 

den-teer)  (sen-tee-en-doh)  (aen-tee-doh) 

Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  siento;  usted  siente;  nosotros  sentimos;  ustedes  sienten 

(yoh)  (see-eu-tob,'  icos-taylli)  (see-en-tay)  (noh-soh-tros)  (sen-tee-mos)  (oostay-des)  (see-en-  ten) 

Pasado 

(pah-sah-doh) 

yo  senti;  usted  sintio;  nosotros  sentimos;  ustedes  sintieron 

(rob)  (ten-te«)  (ooa-taj  th)  (sen-tte-oh)  (noh-soh-tros)  (sen-tee-aww)  i^ostay  -d«i)  (aen-teeay-roa) 

68 


Futuro 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  sentire;  usted  sentira;  nosotros  sentiremos;  ustedes 

*(yoh)  (sou-iee-ray)  (oos-tayth)  (sen-tee-rah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (sen-tee-ray-mos)  (oos-tay-des 

sentir&n 

(sen -tee -ran) 


Reir=to  laugh;  Riendo=laughing  ;  Reido=lauglied. 

(ray-It)  (ree-en-do)  (ray-e-doh) 

Presente 

(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  rio;  usted  rie;  nosotros  reimos;  ustedes  rien. 

(yoh)  (roe-oh)  (oos-tayth)  (ree-ay)  (noh-soh-tros)  (ray-e-mos)  loos-tay-Ues)  (ree-m) 

Pasado 

(pah-aah-doh) 

yo  rei;  usted  rio;  nosotros  reimos;  ustedes  rieron 

(yoh)  (ray-8)  (  oos-tayth)  ree-oh)  (noh-soh-tros)  (ray-e-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (ree-ay-ron) 

Futuro 

(foo-t»o-roh) 

yo  reire;  usted  reira;  nosotros  reiremos;  ustedes  reirin 

(yoh)  (ray-e-ray)  (oos-tayth)  (ray-e-tah)  (noh-soh-troa)  (ray-e-ray-mos)  (oos-tay-des)  (ray-e-raa) 

VERBOS  REFLEXIVOS=Reflexive  verbs 

(ver-boa)  (ray-flayx-e-vos) 

Spanish  reflexive  verbs  are  formed  by  adding  to  the 
general  conjugation  of  the  verb,  the  reflexive  pronouns, 
which  are  placed  between  the  personal  pronouns  and  the 
verb,  or  after  the  verbs,  forming  with  the  verb  one  word. 
This  last  form  is  used  principally  in  the  imperative  mood. 

The  reflexive  pronouns  are  me:  se:  nos  and  se:  respect- 

(may)   (say)  (nos)  (say) 

ively  for  the  first  and  third  person  singular,  and  first  and 
third  person  plural. 

Model  for  the  conjugation  of  the  reflexive  verbs: 
vestirse=to  dress  oneself;  vistiendose=dressing  oneself  j 

(ves-teer-say)  (vis-tee-ea-doh-say) 

vestidose=dress  oneself. 

(res-tee-doh-say) 


(pray-sen-tay) 

yo  me  visto;  usted  se  viste;  nosotros  nos  vestimos;  ustedea 

(yoh)  (may)  (vis-toh)  (oos-tayth)  (say)  (rts-tay)  Jnoh-soh-tros)  (nos)  (TW-tee-mos)  (oos-tay-des) 

se  visten 

(sayHvis-tayn) 

69 


Pasado 

(pah-Bab -dob) 

yo  me  vesti;  usted  se  vistio;  nosotros  nos  vestimos;  ustedes 

(yoh)  (may)  (ves-tee)  (oos-tayth)  (say)  (vis-tee-oh)  (noh-soh-tros)  (nos)  (ves-tee-mos)     (oos-tay-des) 

se  vistieron 

(say)  (vis-tee-eron) 

Future 

(foo-too-roh) 

yo  me  vestire ;  usted  se  vestira ;  nosotros  nos  vestiremos ; 

(yoh)  (may)  (vea-tee-ray)  (oos-tayth)  (say)  (ves-tee-rah)  (noh-soh-tros)  (nos)  (ves-tee-ray-mos) 

ustedes  se  vestiran 

(oos-tay-des)  (say)  (ves-tee-ran) 

Imperative  mood: 
Deme=give  me;   Enseneme=show  me;   Excuseme=excuse 

(day-may)  (ensay-nyay-may  )  (ex-coo-say-may) 

me 
Traigame=bring  me;  Digame=tell  me;  Sientese=be  seated 

<trah-e-gah-may)  (dee-gah-may)  (see-en-tay-say) 

POLITE  PHRASES 
En  que  puedo  servir  a  Usted?=What  can  I  do  for  you? 

(en)  (Say)  (poo-ay-do)  (ser-veer)  (ah)  (oos-tayth) 

Sirvase=Please 

(seer-vah-say) 

Hagame  el  favor  de=liave  the  kindness 

(ah-gah-may)  (ayl)  (fah-vor)  (day) 

Tenga  la  bondad  de=have  the  goodness 

(ten-gah)  (lah)  (bon-dad)  (day) 

llamar=to  call,  to  knock;  cobrar=to  receive  what  is  due; 

(l-lyah-mar)  (co-brar) 

entrar=to  come  in;  repetir=to  repeat;  deletrear=to  spell. 

(ayn-trar)  (ray-pay-teer)  (day-lay-tray-ar) 

pesar=to  weigh ;  medir=to  measure ;  tasar=to  value. 

(pay-sar)  (may-deer)  (tah-sar) 

PRESENTACIONES=Introductions 

(pray-sen-tah-thee-oh-nes) 

Senora:  Tengo  el  gusto  de  presentar  a  Usted  al  Senor  X.= 

(Say-nyor-ah)  (ten-goh)  (ayl)  (goos-toh)  (day)  (pray-sen-tar)  (ah)  (oos-tay-th)  (al)  (say-nyor)  (ay-kiss) 

I  take  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  Mr.  X.;  Tanto  gusto 

(tan-toh)  (goos-toh) 

en  conocerle  Senor  X.=I  am  pleased  to  know  you  Mr.  X.; 

(ayn)  (coh-noh-thayr-lay)  (say-nor)  (ay-kiss) 

Celebro  la  ocasion  de  conocer  a  Usted  Senora=I  am  very 

(thay-lay-broh)  (lah)  (oh-cah-see-on)  (day)  (coh-noh-thyar)  (ah)  (oos-tay-th)  (say-nyor-ah) 

t<?lad  of  the  opportunity  of  knowing  you,  madam;  Espero  que 

(es-pay-roh)fkay) 

tal  vez  en  otra  ocasion  tengamos  el  gusto  de  saludarnos=I 

(tal)  (vay-th)  (en)  (oh-trah)  (oh-cah-aee-on)  (ten-gah-mos)  (ayl)  (goos-toh)  (day)  (sah-loo-dar-nos) 

hope  that  we  may  have  the  pleasure  of  meeting  again. 

70 


MODO  SUBJUNTIVO=Subjiinctive  mood. 

(mo-do)  (soob-hoon-tee-Toh) 

The  verb  in  the  subjunctive  mood  expresses  action,  being, 
or  state,  not  as  a  fact  in  af nrmation  or  negation,  but  as  some- 
thing merely  conceived  of  in  the  mind.  It  is  most  frequent- 
ly used  to  express:  un  deseo=a  wish;  un  proposito=a  pur- 

(oon)  (day-say-oh)  (oon)  (proh-poh-see-toh) 

pose;  un  mandato=a  command;  un  mego=a  request;  una 

(oon)  (man-ilah-toh)  (oon)  (roo-ay-goh)  (oo-nah) 

duda=a  doubt ;  una  prohibicion=a  prohibition ;  una  incerti- 

(iJoo-dah;  (oo-nah)  (proh-he-bee-thee-on)  (oo-nah)  (een-thayr-tee- 

duinbre=an  uncertainty. 

doom-bray) 

The  verb  in  the  subjunctive  mood  is  used  with 
a  subordinate  verb  placed  before  or  after  it,  and  may  be 
united  by  a  conjunction  as :  que=that,  and  si=if . 

(kay)  (ace) 

PRESENTE  DE  SUE JUNTIVO=Present  of  the  subjunctive. 

(pray-sayn-tay)   (day)         (sotb-hoon-tee-voh) 

The  terminations  that  are  affixed  to  the  root  of  the 
verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  to  form  the  present  subjunctive 
are :  e,  for  the  first  and  third  person  singular ;  emos,  for  the 
first  person  plural;  and,  en,  for  the  third  person  plural 

Examples : — hablar=to  speak ;  que  yo  hable=that  I  may 

(ah-blar)  (kay) (yob) (ah-blay) 

speak ;  que  usted,  el,  ella  hable=that  you,  he  she  may  speak ; 

(kay)  (oos-tayth)  (ell)  (ayl-ly  ah)  (ah-blay) 

que  nosotros  hablemos=that  may  we  speak;  que  ustedes, 

(kay)     (noh-soh-tros)     (ah-blay-mos)  (kay)  (oos- lay -days) 

ellos,  ellas  hablen=that  you,  they  may  speak. 

(ayl-lyos)  (ayl-ly  as)  (ah-blayn) 

The  terminations  that  are  affixed  to  the  root  of  the  verbs 
of  the  second  and  third  conjugations  to  form  the  present  of 
the  subjunctive  are :  a,  for  the  first  and  third  person  singu- 
lar; amos,  for  the  first  person  plural;  and  an,  for  the  third 
person  plural. 

Examples: — comer=to  eat;  que  yo  coma=that  I  may 

(ceh-mayr)  (kay)lyoh)  (cob -man) 

eat ;  que  usted,  el,  ella  coma=that  you,  he,  she  may  eat ;  que 

(kay)  (oos-tayth)  (ell)  (ayl-lyah)  (coh-mah)  (kay) 

nosotrcs  comamos=that  we  may  eat ;  que  ustedes,  ellos,  ellas 

(noh-soh-tros)  (coh-mah-mos)  (kay)  (oos-tay-days)(ayl-lyos)  (ayl-lyas) 

coinan=that  you,  they  may  eat;  escribir=to  write;  cue  yo 

cob-man)  (ays-cree-becr)  (kay)  (yob.) 

71 


cscriba=that  I  may  write;  que  usted,  el,  ella  escriba=that 

<ays-cre«-bah)  (kay)  los3-taylh)(eU)(ayl-lyaa)(ays-cree-bah) 

you,  he,  she  may  write;  que  nosotros  escribamos=that  we 

(hay)    (noh-soh-tros)  (ays-cree-bah-mos) 

may  write ;  que  ustedes,  ellos,  ellas  escriban=that  you,  they 

tkui )  (oos-tay-tay-days)(ayl-lyos)(ayl-lyas)  (ays-cree-ban) 

may  write. 

IMPERFECTOS  DE  SUBJUNTIVO=The  imperfects  of 

(eem-payr-fayc-tos)        (day)        (soob-hoon-tee-voh) 

the  subjunctive. 

The  terminations  that  are  affixed  to  the  root  of  the  verbs 
of  the  first  conjugation  to  form  the  imperfects  of  the  sub- 
junctive are :  ara,  ase,  for  the  first  and  third  person  singular ; 
aramos,  asemos,  for  the  first  person  plural;  aran,  asen,  for 
the  third  person  plural. 

Examples : — hablar=to  speak ;  si  yo  hablase,  si  yo  hablara 

Uh-blar)  (se)  (yohi  (ah-blah-say )  (see)  (yoh) ( ah-blah-rah) 

=if  I  should,  or,  should  I  speak ;  si  usted,  el,  ella  hablara,  or, 

(see)  (oos-tayth)  (ell)  (ayl-lyah)  (ah-blah-rah) 

hablase=if  you,  he,  she  should  speak ;  si  nosotros  hablasemos, 

(ah-blah-say)  (see)  (noh-soh-tros)  (ha-blah-say-mos) 

or,  hablaramos=if  we  should  speak;  si  ellos  hablasen=if 

'(ah-blah-rah-mos)  (see)  (ayl-lyos)(*h-blab.-sayn) 

they  should  speak. 

The  terminations  that  are  affixed  to  the  root  of  the  verbs 
of  the  second  and  third  conjugations  to  form  the  imperfects 
of  subjunctive  are :  iera,  or  iese,  for  the  first  and  third  per- 
son singular ;  ieramos,  or,  iesemos,  for  the  first  person  plural, 
and,  ieran,  or  iesen,  for  the  third  person  plural. 

Examples : — vender=to  sell ;  si  yo  vendiera,  or,  vendiese 

(vayn-dayr)  (see)  (yoh)  (vayn-dee-ay-rah)  (vayn-dee-ay-say) 

=if  I  should  sell;  si  nosotros  vendieramos,  or,  vendiesemos 

(see)  (noh-soh-tros)  ( vayn-dee-ay-rah-moa        (vayn-dee-ay-say-mos) 

=if  we  should  sell ;  si  ellos  vendieran,  or,  vendiesen=if  they 

(see)  (ayl-lyos)  (yayn-dee-ayran)     (vayn-dee-w-sen) 

should  sell 

escribir=to  write ;  si  yo  escribiera,  or,  escribiese=if  I  should 

(ays-cree-beer)  (see)  (yoh)(ays-crec-bee-ay-rah>     (ays-cree-bee-ay-say) 

write ;  si  usted  escribiera,  or,  escribiese=if  you  should  write ; 

(see)  (oos-tayth)  (ays-cree-bee-ay-rah)     (ays-cree-bee-ay-say) 

si  nosotros  escribieramos,  or,  escribiesemos=if  we  should 

(see)  (noh-soh-tros)  (ays-cree-bee-aynh-mos)      (ays-cree-bee-ay-say-mos) 

write;  si  ellos  escribieran,  or,  escribiesen=if  they  should 

(see)(ayl-ljos)  <ays-cre«-bee-ay-ran)    (ays-cree-twe-ay-sen) 

write. 

72 


LECTURA=Reading 


HISTORIA  DE  ESP  ANA 

La  historia  de  Espana  es  uno  de  los  mas  interesantes  y 
utiles  estudios  que  podemos  hacer. 

Espana  genuinamente  agricola  tiene  en  su  variacion  de 
productos,  cereales,  maderas  y  frutas  de  renombre  universal, 
sus  minas  son  abundantisimas  y  ricas,  sus  ganados  en  gran 
numero  y  su  industria  pujante  y  floreciente. 

La  situacion  geografica  que  ocupa  hace  de  Espana  el 
centro  de  las  vias  de  comunicacion  del  mundo,  entre  Europa 
y  Africa  y  entre  Europa  y  America  del  Sur  y  del  Norte. 
Siendo  Yigo  el  puerto  espanol  mas  seguro  y  mas  proximo  a 
Nueva  York  en  doscientas  millas  que  cualquier  otro  puerto 
de  Europa.  Sus  vientos  son  puros,  su  clima  delicioso  y  las» 
cordilleras  de  montanas  que  la  cruzan  en  todas  direcciones 
hacen  que  sea  un  pais  en  extremo  pintoresco. 

Espana  siglos  antes  de  Jesucristo  estaba  habitada  por 
los  celtas  y  por  los  iberos  que  hicieron  alianza  para  formar 
el  pueblo  celtibero,  los  fenicios  fundaron  grandes  centros 
comerciales  y  los  griegos  pasaron  a  establecerse  en  su  costa. 

La  primera  invasion  con  que  lucha  Espana  fue  la  carta- 
ginesa  en  la  que  se  inmortaliza  la  ciudad  de  Sagunto.  Frente 
a  este  poder  de  Cartago  viene  Roma  obteniendo  despues  de 
rudas  luchas  su  afianzamiento  en  la  peninsula  Iberiea  inmor- 
talizandose  la  ciudad  de  Numancia  por  su  asombroso  hero- 
ismo. 

Despues  invaden  Espana  pueblos  de  origen  germanico 
procedentes  de  Alemania,  Dinamarca,  Suecia  y  los  vandalos 

73 


de  Rusia,  imponiendose  a  los  invasores  los  godos  que  luchan 
con  los  Arabes,  continuando  esta  guerra  no  interrumpida  du- 
rante  ocho  siglos  a  la  que  ponen  fin  los  reyes  Catolicos  Don 
Fernando  de  Aragon  y  Dona,  Isabel  de  Castilla  que  fundan 
la  unidad  nacional.  Siendo  entonces  cuando  Cristobal  Colon 
descubre  el  Nuevo  Mundo  bajo  los  auspicios  de  esta  gran 
reina  a  cuya  energia  se  debe  tan  magna  empresa 

Cortes  y  Pizarro  conquistan  los  imperios  de  Mejico  y 
del  Peru  que  pasan  con  todas  las  tierras  descubiertas  a  for- 
mar  parte  de  la  gran  nacion  espaiiola  de  aquel  tiempo  lle- 
gando  a  ser  el  imperio  mas  grande  y  de  mas  poder  que  en 
cl  mundo  ha  habido,  figurando  como  parte  de  el  a  mas  de 
casi  toda  America,  gran  parte  de  Alemania,  Holanda  casi 
todo  Italia,  el  Rosellon  y  el  Norte  de  Africa. 

Este  inmenso  poder  de  Espana  se  desmorona  rapidamen- 
te  aunque  obteniendo  grandes  victorias  como  las  de  Lepanto 
y  San  Quintin. 

La  literatura  y  el  arte  espafiol  alcanzan  en  esta  epoca 
lugar  prominente  y  Cervantes,  Calderon,  Velazquez,  Murillo, 
Berruguete  y  otros  muchos  reciben  la  admiracion  del  Mundo. 

Pasa  un  periodo  de  decadencia  en  poderio  hasta  Carlos 
III  que  consigue  elevar  la  cultura  nacional:  Carlos  IV  fue 
obligado  despues  de  la  revolucion  francesa  a  renunciar  sus 
derechos  en  favor  de  Napoleon,  pero  el  pueblo  espaiiol  en 
masa  se  alzo  en  armas  en  defensa  de  su  libertad  y  con  esta 
epopeya  que  asombro  al  mundo  arrojo  a  los  franceses  y  humi- 
116  el  poderio  de  Francia  que  orgullosa  triunfaba  en  Europa, 
terminando  asi  gloriosamente  para  Espana  la  guerra  de  la 
independencia. 

Laureles  son  para  Espana  la  independencia  del  pueblo 
hispano-americano  que  como  hijos  mayores  forman  las  vein- 
te  gloriosas  republicas  hispanas  que  conservan  la  lengua,  las 
leyes  y  la  sangre  de  la  madre  comun. 

74 


Despues  de  esta  epoca  viene  la  regeneracion  espanola 
qtie  se  vigoriza  en  nuestros  dias,  no  obstante  fue  iuterrum- 
pid  o  a  intervalos  por  las  guerras  civil  y  de  Africa  y  con  el 
con  licto  armado  con  los  Estados  Unidos  que  da  la  indepen- 
den3ia  a  Cuba. 

Espana  pues  ha  sido  una  de  las  naciones  que  mas  ban 
influido  en  el  progreso  y  civilizacion,  siendo  su  orgullo  los 
blasones  que  tanta  actividad  y  sangre  costaron  a  esa  noble  y 
generosa  raza. 


ENCICLOPEDIA  GEOGRAFICA 

de  los 
PAISES  HISPANOS 


ARGENTINA 

Es  una  grande  y  opulenta  na- 
ci6n  sudamericana,  con  un  area 
total  de  1.114.000  millas  cuadra- 
das;  conflna  al  N.  con  Bolivia; 
al  E.  con  Paraguay,  Brasil,  Uru- 
guay y  el  Atlantico;  al  S.  con  el 
oceano  Antartico;  y  al  O.  con 
los  Andes. 

Granos  europeos  y  frutas  in- 
cluyendo  la  vid,  ban  sido  intro- 
ducidos  y  se  cultivan  con  gran 
gxito  en  la  mayor  parte  de  la 
republica;  durante  el  afio  1912- 
13  la  producci6n  subi6  a  la  enor- 
me  cantidad  de  5.400.000  tonela- 
das  de  trigo;  1.130.000  toneladas 
de  lino;  y  1.682.000  toneladas  de 
cebada.  La  Argentina  ha  llega- 
do  a  ser  en  la  exportaci6n  de 
trigo  una  de  las  primeras  nacio- 
nes del  mundo.  Innumerables 
manadas  de  ganado  vacuno  y 
caballar,  y  rebanos  de  ovejas 
pastorean  en  las  fe>tiles  pam- 
pas donde  se  multiplican  con 
gran  rapfdez. 

Oro,  plata,  nfquel,  cobre,  es- 
tano,  plomo  y  hierro  ademas  de 


ARGENTINA 

Is  a  vast  and  opulent  country 
of  South  America,  with  a  total 
area  of  1,114,000  square  miles;  it 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bolivia; 
on  the  E.  by  Paraguay,  Brazil, 
Uraguay,  and  the  Atlantic;  on 
the  S.  by  the  Antartic  ocean; 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Andes. 

European  grains  and  fruits 
including  the  vine,  have  been 
introduced/  and  are  cultivated 
with  great  success  in  most  parts 
of  the  republic;  during  the  year 
1912-13  the  production  of  wheat 
amounted  to  the  enormous  quan- 
tity of  5,400,000  tons;  linseed 
to  1,130,000  tons;  and  oats  to 
1,682,000  tons.  The  Argentine 
has  become  one  of  the  chief, 
wheat  exporting  countries  of  the 
world.  Countless  herds  of  cat- 
tle, horses  and  flocks  of  sheep 
are  pastured  on  the  fertile  pam- 
pas where  they  yield  abundant 
increase. 

Gold,  silver,  nickel,  copper,  tin 
lead,  and  iron,  besides  marble, 
jasper,  and  precious  stones  are 


75 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Paises  Eispanos 
(Continuacion) 


inarmol,  jaspe  y  piedras  precio- 
eas,  se  encuentran  en  los  distri- 
tos  montanosos  del  N.  O.  y  no 
hace  mucho  que  petr61eo  fu6 
descuvierto  en  rio  Vermejo;  en 
el  pals  no  hay  grandes  bosques 
excepto  en  la  regifin  del  Gran 
Chaco  al  N.  La  fauna  nativa  in- 
cluye  la  puma,  el  jaguar,  el  tapir, 
la  llama,  la  alpaca,  la  vicuna, 
el  armadillo,  el  avestruz,  etc. 

El  clima  es  agradable  y  muy 
eano  95°  Fahrenheit  es  aproxi- 
madamente  la  temperatura  mas 
alta  que  se  registra.  La  pobla- 
ci6n  de  la  republica  en  1912  era 
8.700.000  almas,  estas  cifras  com- 
paradas  con  las  del  1895  mues- 
tran  un  aumento  del  22  por  cien- 
to  cada  cinco  anos.  El  gobierno 
CB  republicano  similar  al  de  los 
Estados  Unidos.  Buenos  Aires 
la  capital,  es  una  hermosa  ciu- 
dad,  algunos  de  sus  edificios  y 
paseos  se  comparan  favora- 
blemente  con  los  de  Berlin,  y 
esta  unida  con  otras  grandes 
ciudades  incluyendo,  Rosario,  La 
Plata,  Tucuman,  Cordoba,  Men- 
doza,  Parana  etc.  por  excelen- 
tes  ferrocarriles  y  Ifneas  tele- 
graficas.  Las  industrias  y  el  co- 
mercio  han  aumentado  enorme- 
mente  con  la  llegada  de  gran 
numero  de  emigrantes  princi- 
palmente  espanoles  y  alemanes. 
De  acuerdo  con  el  Boletin  de  la 
Uni6n  Panamericana  el  comercio 
exterior  de  la  Argentina  en  1912 
ascendi6  &  865.244.725  pesos  oro 
Argentine  de  los  cuales  384.853.- 
469  pesos  correspondieron  a  la 
importaci6n  y  480.391.256  pesos 
a  la  exportacifin.  El  peso  oro 
Argentine  equivale  comercial- 
mente  a  97  centavos  oro  Ameri- 
cano. 


found  In  the  mountanous  dis- 
tricts of  the  N.  W.,  while  petro- 
leum has  been  discovered  on  the 
Rio  Vermejo.  There  are  no  ex- 
tensive forests  in  the  country 
except  in  the  region  of  the  Gran 
Chaco  on  the  N.  The  native 
fauna  includes  the  puma,  the 
jaguar,  the  tapir,  the  llama,  the 
alpaca,  the  vicuna,  the  armadi- 
llo, the  ostrich  etc. 

The  climate  is  agreeable  and 
healthful,  95°  Fahrenheit  be- 
ing about  the  highest  tempera- 
ture experienced.  The  population 
of  the  republic  in  the  year  1912 
was  8,700,000  souls.  These  figu- 
res compared  with  those  of  1895 
show  a  gain  of  22  per  cent  for 
every  five  years.  The  form,  of 
government  is  republican  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  United  States. 
Buenos  Aires  the  capital  is  a 
very  beautiful  city,  some  of  its 
buildings  and  boulevards  com- 
pare favorably  with  those  of 
Berlin.  It  is  connected  with 
other  large  cities  including  Ro- 
sario, La  Plata,  Tucuman,  Cordo- 
ba, Mendoza,  Parana  etc.  by  ex- 
cellent railroad  and  telepraph 
lines.  Industries  and  commerce 
have  increased  enormously  with 
the  arrival  of  large  numbers  of 
immigrants,  chiefly  Spaniards 
and  Germans.  According  to  tho 
Bulletin  of  the  Pan  American 
Union  the  foreign  trade  of  the 
Argentine  in  1912  amounted  to 
865,244,725  Argentine  gold  pe- 
sos, of  which  $384,853,469  were 
imports  and  $480,391,256  were 
exports.  The  Argentine  gold 
peso  is  worth  commercially 
about  97  cents  American  gold. 


76 


Enciclopedia  Oeografica  de  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Oontinuacion) 


BOLIVIA 

Republica  Sudamericana,  con 
uu  area  total  de  515.000  millas 
cuadradas;  confina  al  N.  con  el 
Peru;  al  E.  con  el  Brasil  y  Pa- 
raguay; al  S.  con  la  Republica 
Argentina  y  Chile;  y  al  O.  con  el 
Peru  y  Chile. 

Trigo,  maiz,  cebada,  alubias  y 
patatas  BO  producen  para  el 
consumo  local,  el  caffi  se  culti- 
va  principalmente  para  la  ex- 
portacifin,  el  azucar  de  cafia,  la 
goma,  el  cacao,  y  la  canela  son 
importantes  productos  y  BU  pro- 
duccioii  aumenta.  La  cria  de 
ganado,  de  ovejas  y  de  llamas 
ee  hace  extensivamente.  Bolivia 
tiene  una  gran  riqueza  mineral 
en  plata,  cobre,  estafio,  plomo, 
zin,  antimonio,  bismuto,  oro,  bo- 
rax y  sal.  La  exportacifin  mi- 
neral de  Bolivia  en  el  ano  1912 
fu§  27.513.000  pesos  oro  ameri- 
cano.  La  poblac!6n  estimada  es 
2.450.000  almas.  El  comercio  ex- 
terior en  1911  ascendi6  a  54.- 
991.006  pesos  oro,  de  los  cuales 
22.764.849  pesos  fueron  impor- 
taciones  y  32.226.157  pesos  fue- 
ron exportaciones.  La  Paz  es 
la  capital  y  la  Ciudad  mas  im- 
portant©. 


BOLIVIA 

Is  a  republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, with  a  total  area  of  515,000 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Peru;  on  the  E.  by 
Brazil  and  Paraguay;  on  the  S. 
by  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Chile;  and  on  the  W.  by  Peru 
and  Chile. 

Wheat,  maize,  barley,  beans, 
and  potatoes  are  produced  for 
local  consumption.  Coffee  is  rais- 
ed chiefly  for  export.  Sugar  cane, 
rubber,  cinnamon,  and  cocoa  are 
important  products  whose  yield 
is  increasing.  Cattle,  sheep,  and 
llamas  are  extensively  bred. 
Bolivia  has  great  mineral 
wealth,  In  silver,  copper,  tin, 
lead,  zinc,  antimony,  bismuth, 
gold,  borax,  and  salt.  The  min- 
eral exports  of  Bolivia  for  the 
year  1912  were  $27,513,000.  The 
population  Is  estimated  at  about 
2,450,000  souls.  The  foreign 
trade  in  1911  amounted  to  $54,- 
991,006  of  which  $22,764,849 
were  Imports  and  $32,226,157 
were  exports.  The  capital  and 
largest  city  Is  La  Paz. 


COLOMBIA 

Republica  situada  en  la  parte 
noroeste  de  la  America  del  Sur, 
con  un  area  total  de  473.202  mi- 
lias  cuadradas.  La  superncie  del 
pals  es  variada,  altfsimas  monta- 
fias  ocupan  el  oeste  y  grandes 
planicies  de  tierras.  bajas  se  ex- 
tienden  por  el  este.  El  clima 
varia  desde  el  frio  de  las  mon- 


COLOMBIA 

Is  a  republic  situated  In  the 
Northwestern  part  of  South 
America,  with  a  total  area  of 
473,202  square  miles.  The  sur- 
face of  the  country  is  varied; 
lofty  mountains  occupying  the 
west,  and  vast  low  lying  plains 
the  east.  The  climate  ranges 
from  mountain  cold  with  enow 


77 


Enciclopedia  Geograflca  de  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


tafias  con  nieve  y  hielo  &  las 
condiciones  del  trfipico  meridio- 
nal. 

Entre  BUS  productos  minerales 
hay  oro,  plata,  hierro,  cobre,  plo- 
mo,  carb6n,  azufre,  zin,  antimo- 
nio,  arse"nico,  cinabrio,  sal  de  ro- 
ca,  cristal,  granito,  marmol,  ama- 
tistas,  rubies  y  jaspe.  Mucho  del 
platlno  del  mundo  se  ha  obteni- 
flo  del  alto  San  Juan.  Las  fa- 
mosas  minas  de  csmeraldas  del 
Muzo  ban  sido  arrendadas  por 
el  goblerno  &  un  slndicato  inglfis. 
La  poblacidn  estimada  es  5.032.- 
000  almas.  El  comercio  exterior 
de  Colombia  en  1911  ascendi6  a 
la  suma  de  $40.484.762  pesos  oro 
americano,  de  los  cuales  $18.- 
108.863  pesos  fueron  importa- 
ciones  y  $22.375.899  pesos  ex- 
portaciones.  La  capital  es  Bo- 
gota. 


and    Ice,    to    southern    tropical 
conditions. 

Among  the  natural  mineral 
products  are  gold,  silver,  iron, 
copper,  lead,  coal,  sulphur,  zinc, 
antimony,  arsenic,  cinnabar, 
rock-salt,  crystal,  granite,  mar- 
ble, amenthysts,  rubies,  and 
jasper.  Much  of  the  world's 
platinum  is  obtained  from  upper 
San  Juan.  The  famous  emerald 
mines  of  Muzo  are  leased  by 
the  government  to  an  English 
syndicate.  The  population  is 
estimated  at  about  5,032,000 
souls.  The  foreign  trade  of 
Colombia  in  1911  amounted  to 
$40,484,762  of  which  $18,108,863 
were  imports  and  $22,375,899 
were  exports.  The  capital  it 
Bogota. 


COSTA  RICA 

Republica  centroamericana 
con  un  area  de  23.000  millas  cua- 
dradas,  esta  situada  entre  Nica- 
ragua y  Panama.  El  interior  del 
pafs  es  muy  montafioso  y  la 
costa  de  forma  irregular.  El 
clima  es  templado  y  la  tierra 
excesivamente  fgrtil.  Los  bos- 
ques  son  extensos  y  producen 
caoba,  cedro,  palo  de  rosa,  6bano 
y  caucho.  Casi  todas  las  frutas 
tropicales  abundan,  otros  pro- 
ductos importantes  son,  tabaco, 
cafe,  arroz  y  algod6n.  Los  re- 
cursos  minerales  son  extensos. 
La  poblaci6n  estimada  es  400.000 
almas.  El  comercio  exterior  de 
Costa  Rica  en  1911  ascendifi  a 


COSTA  RICA 

Is  a  republic  of  Central  Amer- 
ica. Its  area  is  23,000  square 
miles.  It  is  situated  between 
Nicaragua  and  Panama.  The  in- 
terior of  the  country  is  very 
mountainous,  the  coast  very  ir- 
regular. The  climate  is  temper- 
ate and  the  soil  exceedingly  fer- 
tile. The  forests  are  extensive, 
yielding  mahogany,  cedar,  rose- 
wood, ebony,  and  caoutchouc. 
Nearly  all  tropical  fruits  abound. 
Other  important  productions  are 
tobacco,  coffee,  rice,  and  cotton. 
The  mineral  resources  are  quite 
extensive.  The  population  is 
estimated  to  be  about  400,000 
souls.  The  foreign  trade  of 


78 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


17.987.711  pesos  oro,  de  los  cua- 
les  8.967.561  pesos  fueron  impor- 
taciones  y  9.020.150  pesos  fue- 
ron exportacioues.  La  capital 
es  San  Jose. 


Costa  Rica  In  1911  amounted  to 
$17,987,711  of  which  $8,967,561 
were  imports  and  $9,020,150 
were  exports.  The  capital  is 
San  Jose. 


CUBA 

La  mayor  de  las  Antillas,  si- 
tuada  a  la  entrada  del  Golfo  de 
M6jico.  Con  un  area  de  45.872 
millas  cuadradas.  El  suelo  do 
la  "Perla  de  las  Antillas"  es 
maravillosamente  rico.  Entra 
BUS  productos  tiene  azucar  de 
cana,  tabaco,  arroz,  algod6n,  y 
frutas  tropicales,  incluyendo  la 
naranja,  el  coco,  la  banana,  la 
guayaba,  y  la  piua.  La  riqueza 
mineral  de  Cuba  es  grande  en 
minas  de  cobre.  La  poblaci6n 
estimada  es  2.224.000  almas.  La 
capital  es  Havana  y  el  comercio 
exterior  de  Cuba  en  1911  ascen- 
di6  a  236.319.087  pesos  oro,  de 
los  cuales  113.433.135  pesos  fue- 
ron importaciones  y  122.885.952 
pesos  fueron  exportaciones.  La 
producci6n  de  azucar  bruto,  en 
el  ano  1912  fu6  estimada  en  mas 
de  1.850.000  toneladas. 


CHILE 

Republica  sudamericana  con 
un  area  total  de  307.620  millas 
cuadradas.  Confina  al  N.  con  el 
Peru;  al  E.  con  Bolivia  y  con  la 
Republica  Argentina  y  al  S.  y 
O.  con  el  Oceano  Paclfico. 

Chile  central  es  fertil,  en  la 
parte  Sur  la  tierra  generalmen- 
te  es  pobre,  aunque  el  suelo  de 
los  valles  doude  pastan  grandes 


CUBA 

Is  the  largest  of  the  West 
Indies  Islands  and  is  situated  at 
the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. Its  area  is  45,872  square 
miles.  The  soil  of  the  "Pearl 
of  the  Antilles"  is  marvelously 
rich.  Among  the  products  are 
sugar-cane,  tobacco,  rice,  maise, 
cotton,  and  tropical  fruits,  in- 
cluding oranges,  cocoanuts,  ba- 
nanas, guabas,  and  pine-apples. 
The  mineral  wealth  of  Cuba  is 
largely  in  the  copper  mines.  The 
population  is  estimated  to  be 
about  2,224,000  souls.  The  capi- 
tal is  Havana  and  the  foreign 
trade  of  Cuba  in  1911  amounted 
$236,319,087  of  which  $113,433,- 
135  were  imports  and  $122,885,- 
952  were  exports.  The  output 
of  raw-sugar  for  the  year  1912 
was  estimated  to  be  over  1,850,- 
000  tons. 


CHILE 

Is  a  republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, whose  total  area  is  307.620 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Peru;  E.  by  Bolivia 
and  the  Argentine  Republic;  S. 
and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Central  Chile  is  fertile;  in  the 
southern  portions  generally  the 
land  is  poor,  but  the  soil  of  the 
valleys,  where  large  herds  of 


79 


Encyclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Poises  Eispanos 
(Continuacion) 


manadas  de  ganado,  son  fertili- 
Bimos.  La  gran  prosperidad  de 
la  nacifin  es  debida  a  la  produc- 
ci6n  de  enormes  cantidades  de 
nitrato  de  sodio  que  se  encuen- 
tra  princlpalmente  en  las  pro- 
vincias  del  Norte,  Antofagasta  y 
Tarapaca.  Cobre,  por  el  cual  fu6 
famoso,  muestra  tendencia  a  ga- 
nar  su  primera  importancia. 
Chile  fufi  el  primer  estado  sud- 
americano  que  construy6  ferro- 
carriles.  Recientemente  comple- 
t6  un  sistema  de  ferrocarriles 
que  une  el  Pacffico  con  el  Atlan- 
tico,  extendiendose  desde  Valpa- 
raiso a  Buenos  Aires. 

Chile  comercialmente  es  la 
nacifin  sudamericana  mas  impor- 
tante  de  la  costa  del  Pacifico. 
Su  comercio  exterior  en  1911  as- 
cendi6  a  la  suma  de  251.265.890 
pesos  oro,  de  los  cuales  127.381.- 
479  fueron  importaciones  y  123.- 
884.417  fueron  exportaciones.  La 
poblaci6n  estimada  es  3.500.000 
almas.  La  capital  es  Santiago. 


cattle  graze,  is  very  fertile.  The 
country's  great  prosperity  is 
largely  due  to  the  production  of 
enormous  quantities  of  sodium 
nitrate,  which  is  found  chiefly  in 
the  Northern  provinces  of  Anto- 
fagasta and  Tarapaca.  Copper, 
for  which  Chile  was  once  famous, 
shows  a  tendency  to  regain  its 
former  importance.  Chile  was 
the  first  South  American  State 
to  construct  railways.  A  rail- 
way system  crossing  the  Andes, 
connecting  the  Pacific  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  was  recently 
completed.  It  extends  from 
Valparaiso  to  Buenos  Aires. 

Chile  is  commercially  the  most 
important  country  on  the  West- 
ern Coast.  The  foreign  trade  in 
1911  amunted  to  $251,265,890  of 
which  $127,381,479  were  imports 
and  $123,884,417  were  exports. 
The  population  is  estimated  at 
about  3,500,000.  The  capital  is 
Santiago. 


ECUADOR 

Reptiblica  sudamericana  situa- 
da  en  la  zona  ecuatorial  de  la 
costa  del  Pacfflco,  con  un  area 
total  de  122.950  millas  cuadra- 
das  incluyendo  las  islas  de  los 
Galapagos.  Las  regiones  altas 
son  escarpadas  y  frias  no  obs- 
tante  gran  parte  de  los  valles 
elevados  como  el  de  Quito,  el 
clima  es  delicioso.  Los  princi- 
pales  productos  son,  patatas,  ce- 
bada,  trigo  y  frutas,  en  las  re- 
giones bajas  crecen  todos  los 
productos  del  suelo  tropical  co- 
co, cacao,  caf£,  azucar,  etc. 


ECUADOR 

Is  a  republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, situated  in  the  equatorial 
belt  on  the  Pacific  coast.  The 
total  area  is  122,950  square  miles, 
including  the  Galapagos  Islands. 
In  the  higher  regions  it  is  rough 
and  cold,  but  in  great  part,  the 
elevated  valleys,  as'that  of  Quito, 
have  a  delightful  climate.  The 
chief  products  are  potatoes,  bar- 
ley, wheat  and  fruits.  In  the 
lower  regions  all  the  food  pro- 
ducts of  the  tropical  zone,  cacao, 
coffee,  sugar,  etc.  are  grown. 

The    existence    of    petroleum 


80 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Faises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


La  existencia  de  petroleo  ha 
sido  probada  en  varias  localida- 
des,  pero  aun  nada  se  ha  hecho 
para  desenvolver  esta  industria. 
En  la  provincia  de  Cuenca  valio- 
sos  filones  de  mineral  de  plata 
son  conocidos  pero  no  explota- 
dos,  tambien  se  encuentran  de- 
positos  de  cobre,  plomo,  hierro, 
y  carbon.  El  comercio  exterior 
del  Ecuador  en  1911  ascendio  & 
la  suma  de  21.565.662  pesos  oro, 
de  los  cuales  8.007.629  pesos  fue- 
ron  importaciones  y  13.558.033 
pesos  fueron  exportaciones.  La 
capital  es  Quito  y  la  poblaci6n 
estimada  en  1912  es  1.500.000  al- 
mas. 


EL  SALVADOR 

Republica  centroamericana  en 
la  costa  del  Pacifico  entre  Gua- 
temala y  Honduras.  Su  area  es 
7.225  millas  cuadradas.  Su  sue- 
lo  es  extremadamente  fertil.  Los 
principales  productos  de  expor- 
tacion  son,  cafe,  plata,  azucar, 
y  cueros.  La  capital  es  San 
Salvador.  El  comercio  exterior 
en  1911  ascendid  &  13.796.679  pe- 
sos, de  los  cuaies  5.390.370  pesos 
fueron  importaciones  y  8.406.309 
pesos  fueron  exportaciones.  La 
poblaci6n  estimada  es  1.700.000 
aimas. 


ISLAS  FILIPINAS 

Archipielago  en  el  Oceano  Pa- 
cifico que  comprende  mas  de 
1.800  islas  de  las  cuales  las  mas 
grandes  son,  Luzon  y  Mindanao; 
BU  area  total  es  122.000  mi- 
lias  cuadradas.  La  mayor  parte 


has  been  proved  in  various  loca- 
lities, but  nothing  has  yet  been 
done  to  develop  the  industry.  In 
the  province  of  Cuenca  valuable 
lands  of  silver-bearing  ore  are 
known  but  not  exploited;  depo- 
sits of  copper,  lead,  iron,  and  coal 
also  occur.  The  foreign  trade  of 
Ecuador  in  1911  amounted  to 
$21,565,662  of  which  $8,007,629 
were  imports  and  $13,558,033 
were  exports.  The  capital  is 
Quito  and  the  population  in  1912 
is  estimated  at  about  1,500,000. 


SALVADOR 

Is  a  republic  of  Central  Amer- 
ica, situated  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
between  Guatemala  and  Hondu- 
ras. The  area  is  7,225  square 
miles.  The  soil  is  remarkably 
fertile.  The  chief  exports  are  cof- 
fee, silver,  raw  sugar  and  leath- 
er. The  capital  is  San  Salvador 
The  foreign  trade  in  1911  a- 
mounted  to  $13,796,679  of  which 
$5,390,370  were  imports  and  $8,- 
406,309  were  exports.  The  popu- 
lation is  estimated  to  be  about 
1,700,000  souls. 


THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 

Are  an  archipelago  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  comprising  more 
than  1,800  islands  of  which  the 
two  largest  are  Luzon  and  Mind- 
anao. The  total  area  is  about 
122,000  square  miles.  The  great 


81 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Contimiacion) 


fle  las  islas  son  pequefias,  las 
importantes  son  menos  de  doce 
en  numero.  El  suelo  es  muy  fer- 
til  y  es  probable  que  el  area  en 
cultivacion  pueda  ser  aumentada 
mucho,  las  islas  pueden  soportar 
una  poblaci6n  de  40  millones  de 
habitantes.  Las  Islas  Filipinas 
tienen  una  gran  riqueza  mineral 
pero  casi  nada  se  ha  hecho  en 
direcci6n  de  desenvolverla.  Los 
principales  productos  son,  arroz, 
maiz,  azucar,  tabaco  y  cacao, 
ganado,  vacuno,  cabras  y  ovejas 
ban  sido  introducidos  da  espafia 
pero  no  sou  numerosos.  La  prin- 
cipal bestia  de  carga  es  el  cara- 
bao  que  se  usa  para  arar  los 
campos  de  arroz  y  para  tiro  de 
arrastre  y  carga. 

El  arcipielago  fue"  cedido  por 
Espaiia  a  los  Estados  Unidos 
medlante  el  pajjo  de  20  millones 
de  pesos  oro.  La  poblaci6n  se 
estima  en  9  millones  de  almas. 
El  comercio  exterior  C.e  las  Islas 
Filipinas  en  1911  ascendi6  a  104.- 
869.816  pesos  oro,  de  los  cuales 
64.549.980  pesos  fueron  importa- 
ciones  y  50.319.836  pesos  fueron 
exportaciones.  Manila  es  la  ca- 
pital. 


er  portion  of  the  islands  are 
small;  the  important  islands  are 
less  than  a  dozen  in  number. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile  and  it 
is  probable  that  the  area  under 
cultivation  could  be  very  largely 
increased  and  that  the  Islands 
could  support  a  population  of  40 
million  inhabitants.  The  Philip- 
pine Islands  have  a  very  large 
mineral  wealth  but  very  little 
has  been  attempted  in  the  direc- 
tion of  developing  it.  The  chief 
products,  are  rice,  corn,  sugar, 
tobacco,  cocoanuts,  and  cocoa; 
cattle,  goats  and  sheep  have 
been  introduced  from  Spain  but 
they  are  not  numerous.  The 
principal  beast  of  burden  is  the 
carabao,  or  water  buffalo,  which 
is  used  for  plowing  rice  fields, 
as  well  as  for  drawing  heavy 
loads  on  sledges  or  on  carts. 

The  archipelago  was  ceded  by 
Spain  to  the  United  States  which 
made  a  payment  of  $20,000,000 
to  Spain.  The  population  is  es- 
timated at  about  nine  million 
souls.  The  foreign  trade  of  the 
Philippine  Islands  in  1912 
amounted  to  $104,869,816  of 
which  $54,549,980  were  imports 
and  $50,319,836  were  exports. 
The  capital  is  Manila. 


ESPANA 

Reino  europeo  situado  en  el 
extreme  suroeste  de  Europa, 
comprende  once  trece  partes  de 
la  peninsula  Ib£rica,  ademas,  las 
Islas  Baleares,  las  Islas  Cana- 
rias  y  la  estaci6n  fortfficada  de 
Ceuta  en  la  costa  de  Marruecos 
opuesta  &  Gibraltar.  El  area 


SPAIN 

Is  a  kingdom  situated  in  the  ex- 
treme south-western  part  of  Eu- 
rope. It  comprises  about  eleven- 
thirteenths  of  the  Iberian  Pen- 
insula, in  addition  to  the  Balea- 
ric Islands,  the  Canary  Islands 
and  the  fortified  Station  of  Ceu- 
to  on  the  Moroccan  Coast,  oppo- 


82 


Enciclopedia  Geogrdflca  de  los  Paises  Kicpanos 
(Continuaci6n) 


total  es  194.700  millas  cuadra- 
das  que  es  mas  de  dos  veces  la 
extension  de  la  Gran  Bretana  y 
casi  85.000  millas  cuadradas  m£s 
grande  que  Italia  y  Sicilia  com- 
binadas.  En  todos  los  lados  ex- 
cepto  el  de  Portugal  los  limitcs 
de  Espana  continental  eon  natu- 
rales.  La  Peninsula  esta  sepa- 
rada  de  Francia  por  los  Pirineos, 
los  otros  lados  estan  banados 
por  el  mar.  Como  posesiones 
coloniales  ademas  de  Ceuta,  Es- 
pana posee  en  la  costa  marroqui, 
Melilla,  Alhucenas,  Pen6n  de  la 
Gomera,  Ifni,  Rio  de  Oro  que  se 
extiende  en  la  costa  del  Sahara 
y  su  tierra  adentro  e  n  t  r  e 
el  Africa  Occidental  france- 
sa  y  Marruecos.  Rio  Muni,  co- 
Ionia  de  la  Guinea  Espanola  en- 
tre  el  Congo  francos  y  la  colo- 
nia  Alemana  de  Camerun,  Fer- 
nando P6,  Annibon,  Corisco  y 
otras  islas  en  el  Golfo  de  Gui- 
nea. 

Poseyendo  variados  recursos  y 
estando  favorablemente  situada 
para  el  comercio,  Espana,  puede 
esperarse  que  tome  lugar  promi- 
nente  entre  las  comunidades  co- 
merciales  de  Europa. 

Espana  tiene  21  provincias 
maritimas  con  mas  de  120  puer- 
tos  de  al?^ina  importancia  en  los 
cuales  eu  el  afio  1911  entraron 
?,.).7G6  buques  con  21  millfin  de 
tonelaclas  y  salieron  18.157  bu- 
ques con  20  y  */&  millones  de 
teneladas.  Su  marina  mercante 
en  1915  consistia  en  640  vapores 
y  201  bnquts  de  vela  con  un  des- 
plazamiento  de  905.000  tonela- 
das. 

En  1915  habfa  en  operaci6n 
16.000  ki!6metro9  de  ferrocarril 
y  45.000  de  lineas  telegrancas. 


site  Gibraltar.  The  total  area  is 
191.700  square  miles,  which  ia 
more  than  twice  the  size  of 
Great  Britain  and  nearly  85,000 
square  miles  larger  than  Italy 
and  Sicily  combined.  On  all 
sides  except  that  of  Portugal, 
the  boundaries  of  Continental 
Spain  are  natural.  The  Penin- 
sula is  separated  from  Franca 
by  the  Pyrenees,  the  other  sides 
are  surrounded  by  the  sea.  As 
to  colonial  possessions,  apart 
from  Ccuta,  Spain  possesses,  on 
the  Moroccan  seaboard,  Melil- 
la, Alhucenas,  Pefion  de  la  Go- 
mera,, Ifni,  Rio  de  Oro.  a  stretch 
of  the  Saharan  coast  and  its 
hinterland  lying  between  Mo- 
rocco and  French  West  Africa, 
the  Muni  River  settlements  of 
Spanish  Guinea,  situated  be- 
tween the  French  Congo,  and  the 
German  colony  of  Cameroon, 
Fernando  P6,  Annobon,  Corisco, 
and  other  Islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea. 

Possessing  varied  resources 
and  being  favorably  situated  for 
commerce,  Spain  might  be  ex- 
pected to  take  a  leading  place 
among  the  trading  communities 
of  Europe.  Spain  has  21  seaboard 
provinces  with  more  than  120 
ports  of  some  importance,  20,- 
766  vessels  of  21  million  tons 
entered  these  ports  during  the 
year  1911  and  18,157  vessel  j  of 
20^  millions  tons  cleared  from 
them.  Her  merchant  marine  in 
January  1915  consisted  of  640 
steamers  and  301  sniling:  vessels 
of  905,000  tons.  In  1915  taere 
were  in  operation  16,000  kil -me- 
ters of  railway  and  45,00(  of 
telegraph  lines.  Spain  has 
about  600,000  horses,  a  mil- 


83 


Enciclopedia  Geografiea  de  los  Poises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


Espana  tlene  600.000  caballos, 
un  millon  de  mulas,  800.000  as- 
nos  2  y  y2  millones  de  ganado 
vacuno,  16  millones  de  ovejas, 
S  y  ^  millones  de  cabras,  2  y  % 
millones  de  ganado  de  cerda  y 
3.400  camellos.  El  comercio  ex- 
terior de  Espana  en  1913  ascen- 
flio  a  470.411.110  pesos  oro,  de 
los  cuales  254.621.073.60  pesos 
fueron  importaciones  y  215.790.- 
03G.40  pesos  fueron  exportacio- 
nes.  La  poblacifin  estimada  es  22 
millones  de  almas.  El  turismo  da 
evidencias  de  dirigir  sus  pasos 
en  esta  direccifin.  Tal  vez  no 
es  obtimismo  preveer  el  princi- 
pio  de  una  era  que  puede  eclip- 
sar  esa  del  siglo  XV,  siglo  de 
oro  de  su  historia. 


lion  mules,  800,000  donkeys,  2*£ 
million  cattle,  16  million  sheep, 
3^  million  goats,  2^  million 
swine,  3,400  camels.  The  foreign 
trade  of  Spain  in  1913  amounted 
to  $470,411,110  of  which  $254,- 
621,073.60  were  imports  and 
$215,790,036.40  were  exports.  The 
population  is  estimated  to  be 
about  22  million  souls.  The  tide 
of  tourist  travel  gives  some  evi- 
dence of  turning  in  her  direc- 
tion. It  may  not  be  over  opti- 
mistic to  forsee  the  dawn  of 
an  era  which  may  eclipse  that 
of  the  15th  century — the  golden 
age  of  her  history. 


GUATEMALA 

Republica  centroamericana, 
confina  con  Mejico,  Honduras, 
San  Salvador  y  con  el  Oceano 
Pacffico,  su  area  es  48.990  millas 
cuadradas.  El  pals  es  extrema- 
mente  montanoso.  El  clima  es 
teniplado  en  las  mesetas,  que 
forman  una  considerable  por- 
cion  del  estado.  El  suelo  gene- 
ralmente  es  de  gran  fertilidad  y 
produce,  maiz,  trigo,  arroz,  cafe, 
algod6n,  tabaco,  azucar,  legum- 
bres  y  gran  variedad  de  frutas 
tropicales.  Los  recursos  mine- 
rales  son  en  oro,  plata,  plomo, 
carb6n,  marmol  y  azufre.  La 
poblaci6n  se  estima  en  2  millo- 
nes de  almas.  El  comercio  exte- 
rior de  Guatemala  en  1911  ascen- 
di6  a  17.496.145  pesos  oro,  de  los 
cuales  6.514.421  pesos  fueron  im- 
portaciones y  10.981.724  fueron 
exportaciones.  La  capital  es 
Guatemala  la  Nueva. 


GUATEMALA 

Is  a  republic  of  Central  Amer- 
ica. It  is  bounded  by  Mexico, 
Honduras,  San  Salvador  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Its  area  is  48.990 
square  miles.  The  country  is 
exceedingly  mountainous.  The 
climate  is  temperate  on  the 
table-land  which  forms  a  consid- 
erable portion  of  the  state.  The 
soil  generally  is  of  great  fertili- 
ty, producing  maize,  wheat,  rice, 
coffee,  cotton,  tobacco,  sugar,  ve- 
getables, and  tropical  fruits  In 
great  variety.  The  mineral  re- 
sources are,  gold,  silver,  lead, 
coal,  marble  and  sulphur.  The 
population  is  estimated  to  be 
about  2  million  souls.  The 
foreign  trade  of  Guatemala  in 
1911  amounted  to  $17,496,145  of 
which  $6,514,421  were  imports 
and  $10,981,724  were  exports. 
The  capital  Is  Guatemala  la 
Nueva. 


84 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Paises  Hispanog 
(Continuacion) 


HONDURAS 

Republica  centroamericana  si- 
tuada  en  el  Golfo  de  Mejico.  Es 
generalmente  montanosa,  tenien- 
do  500  millas  de  costa  maritima 
en  la  que  posee  excelentes  puer- 
tos.  Sus  principales  productos 
son,  bananas,  tabaco,  azucar  y 
caf6.  Los  recursos  minerales 
son  de  alguna  importancia,  el 
valor  de  la  producci6n  de  oro 
asciende  a  250.000  pesos  anua- 
les.  El  comercio  exterior  en 
1911  ascendio  a  6.585.665  pesos 
oro,  de  los  cuales  3.560.939  pesos 
fueron  importaciones  y  3.024.726 
pesos  fueron  exportaciones.  La 
poblacion  se  estima  en  554.000 
almas.  La  capital  es  Tagucigal- 
pa. 


MEJICO 

Extensa  reptiblica  norteameri- 
cana  situada  entre  los  Estados 
Unidos  y  Guatemala.  Su  area 
de  767.000  millas  cuadradas  con- 
siste  en  su  mayor  parte  en  una 
elevada  meseta  cruzada  por  al- 
tas  montanas.  Su  clima  es  va- 
riado,  en  la  altiplanicie,  es  uni- 
forme  de  perpetua  primavera,  en 
las  montafias  es  frio  y  la  costa 
baja  y  pantanosa  tiene  un  clima 
tropical  malsano. 

Sus  depfisitos  minerales  son 
muy  importantes  en  oro,  plata, 
cobre  y  plomo,  algunas  de  sus 
minas  estan  en  explotaci6n  des- 
de  epocas  remotas  pareciendo 
ser  inagotables,  el  campo  de  pe- 
troleo  es  exteuso,  siendo  algu- 
nos  de  sus  pozos  famosos  por  su 
gran  capacidad. 

La  principal  ocupaci6n  es  la 
agricultura  y  ganaderia.  Los 


HONDURAS 

Is  a  republic  of  Central  Amer- 
ica, situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  is  generally  moun- 
tainous, has  500  miles  of  coast 
line  and  possesses  excellent 
ports.  The  principal  products  are 
bananas,  tobacco,  sugar  and  cof- 
fee. The  mineral  resources  are 
of  some  importance.  The  value 
of  the  gold  production  amounts 
to  $250,000  annually.  The  foreign 
trade  in  1911  amounted  to  $6,- 
585,665  of  which  $3,560,939  were 
imports  and  $3,024,726  were  ex- 
ports. The  population  is  esti- 
mated to  be  about  554.000  souls. 
The  capital  is  Tagucigalpa. 


MEXICO 

Is  a  very  extensive  republic 
of  North  America  lying  between 
the  United  States  and  Guate- 
mala. Its  area  of  767,000  square 
miles,  consists  for  the  most  part 
of  an  elevated  table  land  tra- 
versed by  high  mountains.  Its 
climate  is  diverse.  That  of  the 
tableland  is  equable,  of  perpet- 
ual spring.  The  mountains  are 
cold,  while  the  coast,  low  and 
swampy,  has  a  climate  tropical 
and  unhealthful. 

Its  mineral  deposits  are  very 
important  in  gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  lead;  some  of  its  mines  have 
been  worked  from  an  early  date 
and  seem  inexhaustible.  Its  pe- 
troleum fields  are  also  exten- 
sive. Some  of  the  wells  are 
famous  for  their  great  capacity. 

The  chief  occupation  is  agri- 
culture and  stock  raising.  The 


85 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Poises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


principales  productos  son,  azu- 
car,  maiz,  caf6,  tabaco  y  cafiamo. 
La.  admosfera  en  las  altas  mese-. 
tas  es  extreinadameiite  seca  por 
lo  cual  las  cosechas  dependen. 
grandemente  del  riego.  En  las 
tierras  bajas  de  la  ccsta  se  en- 
cuentran  maderas  de  tinte,  va- 
liosas  rnaderas  de  construcci6n, 
plantas  medicinales,  goma,  pal- 
mas,  ebano,  palo  de  rosa  y  pino. 
Los  habitantes  son  espanoles, 
criollos,  indios  y  otras  razas 
confundidas.  Los  habitaiites  pri- 
mitives fueron  Aztecas.  El  co- 
mercio  exterior  en  el  ano  1911 
ascendiO  a  243.458.851  pesos  oro, 
de  los  cuales  96.006.883  pesos 
fueron  importaciones  y  147.451.- 
968  pesos  fueron  exportaciones. 
La  capital  es  la  ciudad  de  Mejico 
y  la  poblacifin  se  estima  en  15 
millones  de  almas. 


chief  products  are  sugar,  maize, 
coffee,  tobacco,  and  hemp.  The 
atmosphere  of  the  table  lands  is 
remarkably  free  from  moisture, 
so  that  crops  are  largely  depend- 
ent on  irrigation.  In  the  low 
lands  of  the  coast  are  found  dye 
woods,  valuable  timbers,  medici- 
nal plants,  Indian  rubber  palms, 
ebony,  rosewood,  and  pine. 

The  inhabitants  are  Spaniards, 
Creoles  of  Spanish  descent,  In- 
dians, and  mixed  races.  The 
early  inhabitants  were  Aztecs, 
In  the  year  1911  the  foreign 
trade  amounted  to  $243,458,851 
of  which  $96,006,883  were  im- 
ports and  ^$147, 451,968  were  ex- 
ports. The  Capital  is  Mexico 
City  and  the  population  is  esti- 
mated at  15  million  souls. 


NICARAGUA 

Repfiblica  centroamericana,  se 
extiende  desde  el  mar  Caribe  al 
Oceano  Pacffico,  entre  Costa  Ri- 
ca y  Honduras;  su  area  es  49.- 
200  millas  cuadradas.  Espesos 
oosques  cubren  grandes  areas 
abundando  en  ellos,  la  caoba,  el 
palo  de  rosa,  el  palo  de  tinte,  la 
goma  y  otros  arboles  que  pro- 
ducen  maderas  crnamentales. 
Grandes  manadas  de  ganado  se 
multiplican  en  los  extensos  pia- 
nos de  la  meseta  central.  El  ri- 
co  suelo  en  cultivacifin  en  la  re- 
gi6n  occidental,  produce  maiz, 
caf6,  cacao,  azucar,  algodon  a- 
rroz,  tabaco  y  frutas  tropicales. 

La  construcci6n  de  un  canal 
atraves  de  Nicaragua  que  conec- 


N1CARAGUA 

Is  a  republic  of  Central  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
between  Costa  Rica  and  Hondu- 
ras. Its  area  is  49,200  square 
miles.  Extensive  areas  are  co- 
vered by  dense  forests,  includ- 
ing, mahogany,  rose  wood,  log 
wood,  india  rubber  and  other 
trees  that  yield  ornamental 
woods.  Large  herds  of  cattle 
are  bred  on  the  extensive  plains 
of  the  central  plateau.  The  rich 
Eoil  of  the  cultivated  western 
region  yields,  maize  coffee,  co- 
coa, sugar,  cotton,  rice,  tobacco 
and  tropical  fruits. 

The  construction  of  a  canal 
across  Nicaragua  conuectiiit;  the 


86 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Paises  Eispanos 
(Continuacion) 


te  los  oceanos  Atlantico  y  Pacl- 
fico  es  perfectamente  factible  y 
eiendo  capaz  para  acomodar  los 
mils  grandes  tnmsatlanticos  no 
cof-tarJa  GU  construccion  mas  de 
115  inillones  de  duros. 

El  comercio  exterior  en  1911 
ascendio1  a  7.401.280  pesos  ore, 
de  los  cuales  2.858.305  pesos, 
fuerou  iraportaciones  y  4.545.075 
pesos,  fueron  exportaciones.  La 
poblaci6n  se  estima  en  600.000 
almas.  La  capital  es  Managua. 


PANAMA 

Reptiblica  centroamericana, 
antes  de  su  secesi6n  en  1903  for- 
maba  parte  de  Colombia.  Su 
area  es  31.571  millas  cuadradas. 
La  republica  ocupa  el  istmo  de 
Panama  y  BUS  productos  son  si- 
milares  a  los  del  norte  de  Co- 
lombia. Su  importancia  es  de- 
bida  al  canal  interoceanico  que 
se  extiende  desde  el  puerto  arti- 
ficial de  Colfin  en  el  mar  Caribe 
a  la  ciudad  de  Panama,  que  es 
la  capital,  situada  en  el  Paclfico, 
ambas  ciudades  estan  unidas  por 
un  ferrocarril  que  es  una  de  las 
grandss  vlas  del  comercio  inter- 
cioual.  La  poblacifin  se  estima 
en  420.000  almas.  El  comercio 
exterior  en  1911  ascendi6  a  11.- 
774.120  pesos  oro,  de  los  cuales 
10.020.070  pesos  fufiron  importa- 
ciones  y  1.754.050  pesos  fu6ron 
exportaciones. 

CANAL  DE  PANAMA 

En  el  ano  1528  la  idea  de  la 
construccio'n  de  un  canal  atra- 
ves  del  Istmo  fu6  ya  tomada  en 
consideracifin.  En  1551  fu6  pre- 
gentado  un  memorial  4  Felipe  II 


Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans,  is 
quite  possible;  it  will  cost  not 
over  $115  millions  and  will  be 
capable  of  accommodating  the 
largest  Ocean  steamer. 

The  foreign  trade  In  1911 
amounted  to  f  7,401,380  of  which 
$2,856,305  were  imports  and  $4,- 
545,075  were  exports.  The  po- 
pulation is  estimated  to  be  about 
600,000.  The  capital  is  Mana- 
gua. 


PANAMA 

Is  a  Central  American  republic. 
Prior  to  its  secession  in  1903  it 
was  a  part  of  Colombia.  Its 
area  is  31,571  square  miles.  The 
republic  occupies  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama  and  its  products  are  si- 
milar to  those  of  Northern  Co- 
lombia. Its  importance  is  due 
to  the  Interoceanic  canal  which 
extends  from  the  artificial  port 
of  Colon  on  the  Caribbean  Sea 
to  the  city  of  Panama,  situated 
on  the  Pacific  which  is  the  ca- 
pital, both  towns  are  connected 
by  a  railway  which  is  one  of  the 
great  international  highways  of 
trade.  The  population  is  esti- 
mated to  be  about  420,000.  The 
foreign  trade  in  1911  amounted 
to  $11,774,120  of  which  $10,020,- 
070  were  imports  and  $1,754,050 
were  exports. 

PANAMA  CANAL 

In  the  year  1528  the  idea  of 
a  ship  canal  across  the  isthmus 
was  already  entertained.  In  1551 
a  memorial  was  presented  to 
Philip  II  king  of  Spain  urging 
that  work  be  undertaken  with 


87 


Enciclopedia  Ceo£'rafica  de  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


rey  de  Espafia  en  el  que  se  ur- 
gia  para  que  el  trabajo  empeza- 
se  sin  demora.  Ea  1771  el  go- 
bierno  espanol  orden6  un  estu- 
dio  practice  de  canal  y  otra  vez 
en  1779  pero  acontecimientos 
polfticos  en  Europa  impidieron 
accion  futura. 

Poco  despues  <del  estableci- 
miento  de  la  Republica  de  Pana- 
ma, un  tratado  de  canal,  fu6  flr- 
mado  en  Novembre  del  1903  en- 
tre  los  Estados  Unidos  y  Pana- 
ma. Por  la  clausulas  del  trata- 
do, Panama  garantizaba  a  los  Es- 
tados Unidos  a  perpetuidad  una 
zona  de  tierra  de  cinco  millas 
de  ancha  a  cada  lado  del  canal, 
en  cambio  de  estas  garantias  los 
Estados  Unidos  pagaron  a  Pana- 
ma 10  millones  de  pesos  oro. 

El  canal  es  un  "Canal  d'e  es- 
clusas"  con  una  longitud  aproxi- 
mada  de  50  millas  incluyendo  9 
millas  y  media  de  entrada  ocea- 
nica,  dejando  para  la  longitud 
terrestre  unas  40  y  media  millas. 
El  canal  tiene  en  su  nuts  alto 
nivel  85  pies  sobre  el  nivel  del 
mar,  al  que  se  llega  pur  ascen- 
sion en  3  esc-lu»;-s  en  Gatun  en  el 
lado  del  Atlantico  y  3  esclusas  en 
el  lado  del  Pacitico,  cada  esclusa 
tiene  una  longitud  aprovechalile 
de  1000  pies  y  un  ancho  de  110 
p  es.  La  presa  do  Gatun  forma 
un  lago  con  un  ami  superficial 
de  lf>4  millas  cuadradas.  El  ancho 
del  canal  varia  entre  300  pies  en 
el  corte  de  Culebra  4  un  ancho 
idefiuido  en  el  lago.  Se  estima 
el  coste  total  del  canal  a  los  Estados 
I'nidos  en  375  millones  de  pesos 
oro. 


out  delay.  In  1771  the  Spanish 
government  ordered  a  survey 
for  a  canal  and  again  in  1779 
but  political  disturbances  in  Eu- 
ropa prevented  further  action. 

Soon  after  the  establishment 
of  the  Republic  of  Panama,  a  ca- 
nal treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Panama  was  signed 
in  November  1903.  By  the  terms 
of  the  treaty  Panama  granted 
to  the  United  States  in  perpe- 
tuity a  zone  of  land  five  miles 
wide  on  each  side  of  the  canal. 
In  return  for  these  grants  the 
United  States  paid  to  Panama 
$10  millions. 

The  canal  is  a  "lock  canal" 
about  fifty  miles  in  length  in- 
cluding 9%  miles  of  ocean  ap- 
proaches, leaving  the  land  length 

about  40^4  miles.  The  canal  has 
a  summit  level  of  85  feet  above 
the  sea,  reached  by  a  flight  of 
3  locks  at  Gatun,  on  the  Atlantic 
side  and  3  on  the  Pacific  side, 
each  lock  has  a  usable  length  of 
1,000  feet  and  a  width  of  110 
feet  The  Gatun  dam  has  a  lake 
with  a  superficial  area  of  164 
square  miles.  The  bottom  width 
of  the  canal  varies  from  300  feet 
in  Culebra  cut  to  an  indefinite 
width  in  the  lake.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  total  cost  of  the  canal  to 
the  United  States  is  $375  millions. 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Paises  Eispanos 
(Continuacion) 


PARAGUAY 

Republica  sudamericana,  si- 
tuada  entre  Bolivia,  Brasil  y  la 
Republica  Argentina.  Su  area 
es  98.000  millas  cuadradas.  Una 
Cordillera  de  montanas  la  cruza 
en  la  general  direcci6n  de  N.  a 
S.  La  parte  sur  es  uno  de  los 
mas  fgrtiles  distritos  de  Sud- 
america  y  consiste  en  lomas  y 
suaves  vertientes  con  rlcas  pro- 
visiones  de  madera,  y  anehas 
praderas  que  proporcionan  exce- 
lentes  terrenos  para  pastes.  Las 
industrias  principales  son  la 
cria  de  ganado  y  el  cultivo  de 
t§.  Las  exportaciones  incluyen 
la  yerba  mate  6  te  del  Paraguay, 
tabaco,  maderas  de  construcci6n 
y  naranjas.  El  comercio  exte- 
rior en  1911  ascendi6  a  11.041.- 
546  pesos  oro,  de  los  cuales  6.- 
252.481  pesos  fueron  importacio- 
nes  y  4.789.065  pesos  fueron  ex- 
portaciones. La  poblaci6n  se  es- 
tima  en  800.000  habitantes.  La 
capital  es  Asuncion. 


PARAGUAY 

Is  a  south  american  Republic, 
situated  between  Bolivia,  Brazil, 
and  the  Argentine  Republic.  Its 
area  is  98,000  square  miles.  A 
mountain  chain  runs  in  the  ge- 
neral direction  of  N.  to  S.  The 
southern  portion  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  districts  of  So.  Ame- 
rica, consisting  of  hills  and  gen- 
tle slopes  richly  wooded  and  of 
wide  savannas,  which  afford  ex- 
cellent pasture  ground.  The 
principal  industries  are  cattle 
raising  and  the  cultivation  of 
tea.  The  exports  include  yerba 
mate  or  Paraguay  tea,  tobacco, 
timber  and  oranges.  The  foreign 
trade  in  1911  amounted  to  $11,- 
041,546  of  which  $6,252,481  were 
imports  and  $4,789,065  were  ex- 
ports. The  population  is  estim- 
ated to  be  about  800,000.  The 
capital  is  Asuncion. 


PERU 

Republica  marftima  sudame- 
ricana en  la  costa  del  Pacinco, 
entre  el  Ecuador  y  Chile,  su  area 
es  695.720  millas  cuadradas.  Los 
altos  Andes  se  extienden  en  las 
regiones  del  oeste  y  sur  y  son  ri- 
cos  en  minerales  de  plata  y  oro. 
La  explotaci6n  de  minas  se  hace 
desde  el  tiempo  de  la  conquista 
por  Pizzarro  sin  haberse  notado 
disminuci6n  en  BUS  filones.  La 
extension  de  lineas  ferreas  desda 
los  puertos  a  las  regiones  rnon- 
tanosas  constantemente  aumen- 
tan  el  desenvolvimiento  de  va- 


PERU 

Is  a  maritime  Republic  of 
south  America  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  between  Ecuador  and 
Chile.  Its  area  is  695,720  square 
miles.  In  the  western  and 
southern  parts  are  the  high  An- 
des which  are  rich  in  ores  of 
silver  and  gold.  The  exploita- 
tion of  mines  has  proceeded 
from  the  conquest  by  Pizarro 
until  now  without  noticeable  di- 
minution of  the  resources.  The 
extension  of  railways  from  the 
ports  into  the  mountain  regions 
is  constantly  increasing  the  do- 


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Enciclopedia  Ceografica  de  los  Poises  Hispanos 
(Contiimacion) 


liosas  propiedades  especialmen- 
te  de  cobre  y  plata. 

La  vertiente  oeste  de  los  An- 
des y  los  valles  de  los  rios  es- 
tan  cubiertos  con  espesos  bos- 
ques.  Peru  es  peculiar  en  su 
producci6n  de  quina  de  la  que 
suministra  casl  Integra  la  de- 
manda  universal  de  este  pro- 
ducto.  Algodfin  de  caiidad  su- 
perior para  el  cual  el  suelo  y  el 
clima  se  adaptan  admirable- 
meate  esta  ahora  en  floreciente 
producci6n  y  gradualmente  au- 
mentando  en  cantidad,  cafe,  azu- 
car,  cacao,  maiz,  cereales  y  de- 
liciosas  frutas  crecen  en  abun- 
dancia.  La  crfa  de  gauado  se 
hace  por  sus  pieles  y  en  los 
Andes  manadas  de  alpacas  son 
cuidadas  por  su  lana.  La  crfa 
de  llamas,  caballos  y  mulas  para 
el  transporte  es  grande. 

El  comercio  exterior  en  1911 
ascendi6  fl,  67.036.000  pesos  oro, 
de  los  cuales  30.964.945  pesos 
fueron  importaciones  y  36.071.- 
055  pesos  fueron  exportaciones. 
La  poblaci6n  se  estima  en  4.500.- 
000  habitantes.  La  capital  es 
Lima. 


velopment  of  valuable  proper- 
ties especially  of  copper  and 
silver. 

The  western  slope  of  the  An- 
des and  the  valleys  of  the  rivers 
are  covered  with  dense  forests. 
Peru  is  peculiar  in  its  yield  of 
cinchona  or  Peruvian  bark.  The 
world  supply  of  which  is  almost 
exclusively  obtained  here.  Cot- 
ton of  superior  quality,  for  which 
the  soil  and  climate  are  admira- 
bly adapted,  is  now  produced 
and  is  gradually  increasing  in 
quantity.  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  ca- 
cao, rice,  cereals,  and  fruits  of 
the  most  delicious  flavor  are 
largely  grown.  Cattle  are  raised 
for  their  hides,  and  in  the  An- 
des, herds  of  alpacas  are  kept 
for  their  wool.  The  breeding  of 
llamas,  horses  and  mules  for 
mountain  transport  is  extensive. 

The  foreign  trade  in  1911 
amounted  to  $67,036,000  of  which 
?30,964,945  were  imports  and 
$30,071,055  were  exports.  The 
population  is  estimated  to  "be 
about  4,500,000.  The  capital  is 
Lima. 


PUERTO   RICO 

Es  una  de  las  Antillas  situada 
30  millas  al  este  de  San  Doniin- 
go,  su  area  es  3.600  inillas  cua- 
dradas.  La  isla  es  montanosa 
con  anchos  y  f§rtiles  valles.  Las 
industrias  son  puramente  agri- 
colas.  La  cosecha  mas  impor- 
tante  es  la  del  azucar,  siguien- 
dola  en  valor  la  del  tabaco,  pro- 
duce caf6  de  caiidad  superior 


PORTO  RICO 

Is  a  west  Indian  island,  30 
miles  E.  of  Santo  Domingo  with 
an  area  of  about  3.600  square 
miles.  It  Is  montanous,  with 
broad  and  fertile  valleys.  The 
industries  are  wholly  agricul- 
tural. Sugar  is  the  most  valu- 
able crop,  tobacco  comes  next. 
Coffee  of  superior  quality  is  rais- 
ed and  sold  chiefly  in  Europe. 


90 


Enciclopedia  Geogrufica  3e  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


que  se  vende  casi  en  su  totali- 
dad  en  Europa,  frutas  se  expor- 
tan  a  los  Estados  Unidos.  En  la 
isla  hay  gran  riqueza  y  en  mu- 
chos  sitios  evidencias  de  gran 
prosperidad,  tiene  ricas  planta- 
ciones  y  se  encuentran  prome- 
sas  de  gran  future  para  Puerto 
Rico.  El  publico  en  general  es 
muy  pacifico. 

El  comercio  exterior  en  1912 
ascendi6  a  92.631.836  pesos  oro 
de  los  cuales  42.926.473  pesos 
fueron  importaciones  y  49.705.- 
413  pesos  fueron  exportaciones. 
La  poblaci6n  se  estima  en  1.200.- 
000.  La  capital  es  San  Juan. 
Puerto  Rico  fue  cedido  por  Es- 
pana  a  los  Estados  Unidos  en 
1898. 


Fruits  are  exported  to  the  Unit- 
ed States.  There  is  much 
wealth  in  the  island  and  in 
many  places  are  evidences  of 
great  prosperity,  rich  planta- 
tions and  promise  of  a  great 
future  for  Porto  Rico.  The  peo- 
ple are  generally  very  peaceful. 
The  foreign  trade  in  1912 
amounted  to  $92,631,836  of 
•which  $42,926,473  -were  imports 
and  $49,705,413  were  exports. 
The  population  is  estimated  to 
be  about  1,200,000.  The  capital 
is  San  Juan.  Porto  Rico  was 
ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United 
States  in  1898. 


REPOBLICA  DOMINICANA 

Es  una  de  las  Antillas  situada 
entre  Cuba  y  Puerto  Rico  en  el 
mar  Caribe.  Su  area  es  19.325 
millas  cuadradas,  es  montaiiosa 
conteniendo  en  el  interior  an- 
chos  pianos  de  gran  fertilidad  y 
esta  cruzada  por  grandes  rios. 
Los  bosques  producen  valiosas 
maderas,  principalmente  caoba  y 
palo  campeche  6  de  tinte.  Cafe", 
algod6n,  tabaco,  cacao  y  otros 
productos  tropicales,  se  cultivan 
para  la  exportaci6n.  El  comer- 
cio exterior  en  1911  ascendio  a 
17.954.568  pesos  oro,  de  los  cua- 
les 6.949.662  pesos  fueron  Im- 
portaciones y  11.004.906  pesos 
fueron  exportaciones.  La  pobla- 
ri6n  se  estima  en  700.000  almas. 
La  capital  es  Santo  Domingo. 


DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC 

Is  a  West  Indian  Island,  si- 
tuated between  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico  on  the  Caribbean  sea.  Its 
area  is  19,325  square  miles.  It 
is  mountanous  but  it  contains  a 
broad  interior  plain  of  great  fer- 
tility and  is  traversed  by  large 
rivers.  The  forests  yield,  orna- 
mental woods,  chief  mahogany 
and  logwood.  Coffee,  cotton,  to- 
bacco, cacao,  and  other  tropical 
products  are  cultivated  for  ex- 
port. The  foreign  trade  in  1911 
amounted  to  17,954,568  of  which 
$6,949,662  were  imports  and  $11,- 
004,906  were  exports.  The  po- 
pulation is  estimated  to  be  about 
700,000.  The  capital  is  Santo 
Domingo. 


91 


Enciclopedia  Geografica  de  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


URAGUAY 

Reptiblica  sudamericana  en  la 
costa  del  Atlantico  entre  el  Bra- 
sil  y  Argentina.  Su  area  es  72.- 
110  millas  cuadradas.  La  super- 
ficie  presenta  una  serie  de  gran- 
des  llanuras  cruzadas  ocasional- 
mente  por  lomas  de  no  gran  ele- 
vaci6n,  en  general  casi  despro- 
visto  de  arbolado.  El  clima  es 
remarcablemente  suave  y  sano. 

Sus  productos  son  trigo,  maiz, 
cebada,  arroz,  legumbres,  lino, 
cdnamo,  algod6n  y  azucar,  tam- 
bien  hay  frutas  en  abundancia. 
Grandes  manadas  de  ganado  ca- 
ballar  y  vacuno  corren  libres  en 
las  fertiles  pampas.  El  comer- 
cio  exterior  en  1911  ascendio  a 
94.005.151  pesos  oro,  de  los  cua- 
les  47.687.115  fueron  importacio- 
nes  y  46.318.936  pesos  fueron 
exportaciones.  La  poblaci6n  se 
estima  en  1.045.000  habitantes. 
La  capital  es  Montevideo. 


URAGUAY 

Is  a  South  American  Repu- 
blic on  the  Atlantic  coast  be- 
tween Brazil  and  Argentina.  Its 
area  is  72,110  square  miles.  The 
surface  presents  a  series  of  ex- 
tensive plains  traversed  by  oc- 
casional ranges  of  hills  of  no 
great  elevation,  the  whole  being 
almost  destitute  of  trees.  The 
climate  is  remarkably  mild  and 
salubrious. 

Wheat,  maize,  barley,  rice 
pulse,  flax,  hemp,  cotton,  and 
sugar  are  the  products.  Fruits 
are  in  abundance.  Vast  droves 
of  horses  and  horned  cattle  run 
•wild  on  the  fertile  pampas.  The 
foreign  trade  in  1911  amounted 
to  $94,005,151  of  which  $47,687,- 
115  were  the  imports  and  $46,- 
318,036  were  the  exports.  The 
population  is  estimated  to  be 
about  1,045,000.  The  capital  is 
Montevideo. 


VENEZUELA 

Republica  sudamericana  en  el 
mar  Caribe,  entre  Colombia  y  el 
Brasil.  Su  area  es  aproximada- 
mente  400.000  millas  cuadradas. 
Las  partes  norte  y  meridional 
son  elevadas,  la  mayor  parte  del 
interior  consiste  en  pianos  her- 
bosos  que  se  transforman  en  es- 
pesos  bosques  en  los  valles  ba- 
jos  del  Orinoco,  el  cual  encuen- 
tra  su  ruta  al  mar  atraves  del 
gran  pantanoso  delta.  Las  mon- 
tafias  de  la  parte  occidental  de 
los  Andes  tienen  valiosas  minas. 
Los  bosques  del  bajo  Orinoco 
pareceu  esos  del  Amazonas  en 


VENEZUELA 

Is  a  South  American  Repu- 
blic on  the  Caribbean  sea,  be- 
tween Colombia  and  Brazil.  Its 
area  is  about  400,000  square  mi- 
les. The  northern  and  southern 
boundaries  are  elevated  and  the 
larger  part  of  the  interior  con- 
sists of  grassy  plains  changing 
to  dense  forests  in  the  lower 
valley  of  the  Orinoco  which  finds 
its  way  to  the  sea  through  a 
vast  swampy  delta.  The  moun- 
tains in  the  western  part  of  the 
Andes  contain  valuable  mines. 
The  forests  of  the  lower  Orinoco 
resemble  those  of  the  Amazon 


92 


Enciclopedia  Geograflca  de  los  Paises  Hispanos 
(Continuacion) 


BU  gran  frondosidad  y  producen, 
gomas  y  muchas  bonitisimas 
maderas  ornamentales.  En  esas 
forestas  abundan,  animales  fe- 
roces,  pajaros,  y  reptiles,  y  hay 
gran  variedad  de  monos,  cier- 
vos  y  tamandoas.  Las  pesque- 
rias  del  mar  Caribe  son  ricas 
en  esponjas,  perlas  y  conchas 
de  tortuga.  Las  principales  in- 
dustrias  son  la  agricultura  y  la 
ganaderia.  Slendo  nacifin  de 
gran  future.  El  comercio  exte- 
rior en  1911  ascendi6  a  41.079.- 
274  pesos  oro,  de  los  cuales  18.- 
394.-890  pesos  fueron  importa- 
ciones  y  22.684.384  pesos  fueron 
exportaciones.  La  poblaci6n  se 
estima  en  2.800.000  almas.  La 
capital  es  Caracas. 


In  their  luxuriance,  and  furnish, 
rubber  and  many  beautiful  or- 
namental woods.  These  forests 
abound  in  wild  animals,  birds, 
and  reptiles,  there  are  many  spe- 
cies of  monkeys  deer  and  ant 
eaters.  The  fisheries  of  the  Ca- 
ribbean sea  are  rich  in  sponges, 
pearls,  and  tortoise  shell.  Agri- 
culture and  catle  raising  are  tha 
principal  industries.  It  is  a  na- 
tion with  a  great  future.  The 
foreign  trade  in  1911  amounted 
to  $41,079,274  of  wihch  $18,394,- 
890  were  imports  and  $22,684,- 
384  were  exports.  The  popula- 
tion is  estimated  to  be  about 
2,800,000.  The  capital  is  Cara- 
cas. 


These  statistics  are  based  upon  information  kindly  submitted 
by  that  worthy  and  beneficent  International  Institution. — "The  Pan- 
American  Union"  of  Washington,  D.  C. 


For  translation  into  Spanish 

OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  THE  SPANISH 
LANGUAGE 

The  foreign  trade  of  Spanish  Speaking  Countries  amounts 
to  about  three  billions  of  dollars  annually. 

Raw  materials  and  food  products  comprise  practically  all 
their  ever  increasing  exports. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Latin-America  and  Spain  are 
inexhaustible  and  can  easily  be  developed  a  hundredfold  with- 
in a  few  years. 

The  extensive  forests,  which  contain  many  valuable  woods, 

93 


are  practically  untouched.     Mahogany,  cedar,  rosewood,  ebony, 
and  necessary  timbers  abound. 

The  virgin  soil  of  Spanish-America  is  still  to  a  large  extent 
awaiting  the  cultivator,  as  only  a  small  percentage  of  its  fertile 
vaHeys  and  uplands  is  under  cultivation,  yet  such  is  its  fertility 
and  productiveness  that  it  has  already  become  the  world's 
storehouse  of  food  products.  Its  production  of  meat,  cereals, 
coffee,  fruits  and  sugar  are  immensely  important.  It  leads  the 
world  in  tobacco,  rubber  and  petroleum. 

A  great  variety  of  natural  resources,  many  of  which  have 
hardly  been  touched,  simply  await  the  hand  of  man.  The 
latent  possibilities  are  enormous. 

Attention  has  recently  been  directed  to  this  part  of  the 
globe  and  there  are  now  many  evidences  that  this  long  dormant 
country  is  awakening,  attracting  new  capital  and  making  sub- 
stantial progress  in  developing  its  resources. 

The  soil  and  climate  are  admirably  adapted  to  stock  rais- 
ing, and  millions  of  cattle  and  sheep  roam  over  its  pampas  and 
grassy  plains. 

Capital,  brains,  and  brawn  are  needed  to  develop  its  rail- 
roads, open  its  mines  and  bring  machinery  to  conquer  nature. 
A  wonderful  opportunity  is  open  for  Yankee  energy. 

Spain,  in  recent  years,  has  manifested  a  growing  desire  to 
foster  commercial  and  industrial  enterprises.  From  being  a 
debtor  country  she  has  become  a  creditor  nation  with  a  trade 
balance  of  millions  in  her  favor. 

Any  nation  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  might  well  be 
proud  of  her  textile  manufactories  and  other  industries.  Fruit 
canning,  oranges,  olives,  and  fisheries  are  of  consequence  in 
the  export  statistics.  Grape  culture  and  wine  making  ar  3  in- 
dustries of  great  importance.  Spanish  wines  are  known  all 
over  the  world. 

Considerable  quantities  of  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  mer  mry 
are  produced.  Corkwood  and  its  manufactures  rank  hk  :i  in 

the  country's  export  trade. 

94 


SPANISH-COMMERCIAL  ^  PROFESSIONAL 


ByTEODORO  S.  ROMERO 

(Of  the  Romero  School  of  Spanish) 

DEVELOPS  A  NEW  FIELD 

Teaches,  in  a  manner  easily  grasped,  the  Spanish  technical  and  busi- 
ness terms  employed  in  Commerce,  Banking,  Medicine,  Agriculture, 
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Commercial  Correspondence. 

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By  the  rapid  growth  of  our  commercial  relations  with  South  American 
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Large  12mo,  cloth,  75  cents 

Spanish-English  —  English-Spanish 

A  new  dictionary  of  the  Spanish  and  English  languages. 
By  A.  ANGELI,  revised  and  corrected  by  J.  MCLAUGHLIN. 

TO  THE  STUDENT  AND  TRANSLATOR  THIS  WORK  WILL  BE  A  BENEFIT  ; 
TO  THE  TRADESMAN,  MANUFACTURER  AND  POLITICIAN  A  NECESSITY 

The  increased  commercial  relations  with  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Philippines 
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In  addition  to  the  words  in  general  use  the  work  includes  the  majoiity 
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Cloth  binding,  25  cents  ;  full  leather  binding,  50  cents 
DAVID  McKAY,  PUBLISHER,  PHILADELPHIA 


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